Mutu: Kumvetsetsa Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha Chisinthiko: Ndemanga Yozama
Pendauluan
Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu biology, chomwe chimafotokoza kusintha kwa zamoyo pakapita nthawi. Ngakhale kuti Charles Darwin nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi "tate wa chisinthiko," zaka zoposa makumi asanu Darwin asanafalitse ntchito yake, wasayansi waku France dzina lake Jean-Baptiste Lamarck anali atapereka chiphunzitso chake cha chisinthiko. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona mozama chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha chisinthiko, zopereka zake pa sayansi, ndi chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti pamapeto pake chinalowedwa m'malo ndi chiphunzitso cha Darwin cha chisinthiko, malingaliro ake akadali oyenera kuphunzira.
Mbiri Yachidule ya Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck, anabadwa pa Ogasiti 1, 1744, ku Bazentin, France. Anayamba ntchito yake ya usilikali mpaka thanzi lake litamukakamizika kusiya. Kenako Lamarck anayang'ana kwambiri sayansi yachilengedwe ndipo anakhala munthu wofunika kwambiri ku French Museum of Natural History. Pa nthawi ya moyo wake, Lamarck analemba mabuku angapo ofunikira ndipo anapereka zopereka zothandiza m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zomera, taxonomy, ndi paleontology.
Maziko a Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha Chisinthiko
Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha chisinthiko, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "transformism" kapena "Lamarckism", chinaperekedwa koyamba m'buku lake lakuti "Philosophie Zoologique" mu 1809. Lamarck adapereka mfundo ziwiri zazikulu mu chiphunzitso chake:
1. Lamulo la Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kusagwiritsa Ntchito: Lamarck ankakhulupirira kuti ziwalo kapena makhalidwe omwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakula ndi kulimba, pomwe ziwalo kapena makhalidwe omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri amafooka ndipo amatha kutha.
2. Cholowa cha Makhalidwe Omwe Amapezedwa: Lamarck adati makhalidwe omwe munthu amapeza pa moyo wake amaperekedwa kwa ana ake. Mwachitsanzo, adati giraffes ali ndi makosi ataliatali chifukwa makolo awo nthawi zonse ankatambasula makosi awo kuti afike pamasamba pamitengo yayitali.
Chitsanzo chofala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza za Lamarckism ndi kukula kwa makosi ataliatali mwa giraffes. Malinga ndi Lamarck, pamene giraffes amayesa kufika masamba ataliatali, makosi awo pang'onopang'ono amatalika kwa mibadwo ingapo.
Kudzudzula ndi Kukangana
Ngakhale kuti Lamarck anali munthu woyamba kufalitsa lingaliro lakuti zamoyo zimatha kusintha pakapita nthawi, chiphunzitso chake chatsutsidwa kwambiri, makamaka pankhani ya cholowa cha makhalidwe opezedwa. Pakubwera kwa majini amakono, lingaliro lakuti makhalidwe opezedwa ndi obadwa nalo latsutsidwa. Njira ya Lamarck yopezera cholowa sinali yochokera ku umboni wa majini womwe tsopano tikudziwa kuti ndiwo umayambitsa kusintha kwa zinthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, chiphunzitso cha kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusagwiritsa ntchito chatsutsidwa chifukwa cholephera kufotokoza zochitika zovuta kwambiri za chisinthiko. Mwachitsanzo, si ziwalo zonse zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimasowa m'mibadwo yambiri, ndipo si ziwalo zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimakhala zamphamvu kapena zolamulira kwambiri.
Udindo wa Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck mu Mbiri ya Zamoyo
Ngakhale kuti mfundo zake zambiri zinatsutsidwa pambuyo pake, Lamarck akuonedwabe kuti ndiye mpainiya wofunika kwambiri pankhani ya zamoyo zosinthika. Kulimba mtima kwake pofotokoza kuti mitundu ingasinthe kunali kusintha kwakukulu kwa nthawi yake. Lamarck asanayambe, lingaliro lofala linali lakuti mitundu inali yokhazikika ndipo sinasinthe kuyambira pamene inalengedwa.
Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck chinalimbikitsanso asayansi ena kuganizira za njira zosinthira zinthu, zomwe pamapeto pake zinayambitsa chiphunzitso cha Charles Darwin cha kusankha zachilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti Darwin sanagwirizane ndi njira yopezera cholowa ya Lamarck, anavomereza kufunika kwa Lamarck poyambitsa mkangano wokhudza kusintha kwa zinthu.
Mphamvu Yotsalira ya Chilamarckism
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, lingaliro la Lamarck la "mphamvu ya chilengedwe" pa makhalidwe limafanana ndi maphunziro ena amakono a zamoyo, makamaka epigenetics. Ngakhale kuti ndi losiyana ndi la Lamarck, epigenetics imasonyeza kuti chilengedwe chingakhudze momwe majini amagwirira ntchito popanda kusintha DNA, ndipo zina mwa kusintha kumeneku zitha kutengera cholowa. Komabe, njira imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa lingaliro la Lamarck la cholowa mwachindunji.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha chisinthiko, ngakhale kuti chinali ndi zolakwika, chinathandiza kwambiri pa mbiri ya sayansi. Lamarck anali munthu woganiza molimba mtima amene anakankhira malire a chidziwitso cha nthawi yake. Ngakhale kuti analephera kufotokoza molondola njira zosinthira, anatsegulira njira ena kuti afufuze mafunso okhudza chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi.
Kuphunzira kuchokera ku mbiri ya sayansi, monga chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha chisinthiko, kumatipatsa kumvetsetsa bwino momwe chidziwitso chimakulirakulira komanso momwe zolakwika zasayansi zingayambitsire njira yopezera zinthu zatsopano komanso zolondola. Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck chimatiphunzitsa kuti kukhala otseguka ku malingaliro atsopano, ngakhale kuti si onse omwe ali olondola, ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri pakufufuza choonadi cha sayansi.
