Fomula Yokoka
Mphamvu yokoka ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zachilengedwe zofunika kwambiri komanso zofunika kwambiri mu fizikisi. Ndi mphamvu yomwe imakoka zinthu ziwiri za chinthu china kupita kwa wina ndi mnzake. Lingaliro la mphamvu yokoka linaphunziridwa mozama koyamba ndi Sir Isaac Newton m'zaka za m'ma 17, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, kumvetsetsa kwathu mphamvu yokoka kwapita patsogolo kwambiri, ndi zopereka zazikulu kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha Albert Einstein cha ubale wamba. Nkhaniyi iwunikanso lingaliro la mphamvu yokoka, njira yoyambira ya Newton ya mphamvu yokoka, ndi momwe chiphunzitso cha mphamvu yokoka chasinthira pakapita nthawi.
Kumvetsetsa Mphamvu Yokoka
Mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu yokoka yomwe imachitika pakati pa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimakhala ndi kulemera. Mphamvu imeneyi imayambitsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, monga kugwa kwa zinthu pansi, kuyenda kwa mapulaneti mozungulira dzuwa, komanso kupangidwa kwa zinthu zazikulu zakuthambo. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu yokoka ndi imodzi mwa mphamvu zinayi zazikulu m'chilengedwe chonse, ndiyo yofooka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mphamvu yamphamvu ya nyukiliya, mphamvu yofooka ya nyukiliya, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Komabe, mphamvu yokoka ili ndi mphamvu yosatha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pamlingo wa zakuthambo.
Lamulo la Newton la Mphamvu Yokoka
Njira yodziwika bwino ya mphamvu yokoka ndi lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka ya Universal, lomwe limati mphamvu yokoka pakati pa zinthu ziwiri imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi misa yawo ndipo imagwirizana mosiyanasiyana ndi sikweya ya mtunda pakati pa malo awo oyambira. Mwa masamu, njira iyi imafotokozedwa motere:
\[ F = G \frac{m_1 \cdot m_2}{r^2} \]
Kumene:
– \( F \) ndi mphamvu yokoka pakati pa zinthu ziwiri (Newton, N),
– \( G \) ndi mphamvu yokoka ya padziko lonse (\( 6.67430 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{Nm}^2/\text{kg}^2 \)),
– \( m_1 \) ndi \( m_2 \) ndi unyinji wa zinthu ziwirizi (makilogalamu, kg),
– \( r \) ndi mtunda pakati pa malo ozungulira kulemera kwa zinthu ziwirizi (mamita, m).
Mphamvu Yokoka Yonse (G)
Mphamvu yokoka ya chilengedwe chonse, \( G \), ndi chinthu chaching'ono kwambiri ndipo n'chovuta kuyeza molondola kwambiri. Komabe, muyeso woyamba wopambana unapangidwa ndi Henry Cavendish mu 1798. Kuyesera kwake, komwe kumadziwika kuti "kuyesa kwa Cavendish," kunagwiritsa ntchito mtanda wa torsion kuyeza mphamvu yaying'ono kwambiri pakati pa misa yodziwika.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Fomula ya Mphamvu ya Newton
Lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka padziko lonse lapansi lili ndi ntchito zambiri zofunika. Limodzi mwa izo ndi kuwerengera kulemera kwa zinthu zomwe zili padziko lapansi. Kulemera ndi mphamvu yokoka yomwe imagwira ntchito pa kulemera kwa chinthu. Njira yowerengera kulemera (W) ndi iyi:
\[ W = m \cdot g \]
Kumene:
– \( W \) ndi kulemera kwa chinthucho (Newton, N),
– \( m \) ndi kulemera kwa chinthucho (kilogalamu, kg),
– \( g \) ndi kufulumira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka padziko lapansi (pafupifupi \( 9.8 \, \text{m/s}^2 \) pamwamba pa dziko lapansi).
Lamuloli limagwiritsidwanso ntchito powerengera mayendedwe a mapulaneti, miyezi, ndi ma satellite opangidwa. Pankhani ya zakuthambo, njira iyi imatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe mapulaneti amalumikizirana wina ndi mnzake komanso nyenyezi zawo.
Zofooka za Lamulo la Mphamvu Yokoka la Newton
Ngakhale kuti lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka padziko lonse lapansi ndi lothandiza kwambiri komanso lolondola pazochitika zambiri, lili ndi zolepheretsa zomwe zimachitika pazochitika zina. Limodzi mwa malire oterewa ndi pa sikelo yayikulu kwambiri ya cosmic kapena m'minda yamphamvu kwambiri yokoka, monga pafupi ndi mabowo akuda. Pazochitikazi, chiphunzitso cha Albert Einstein cha kugwirizana kwa zinthu zonse chimapereka kufotokozera kolondola kwambiri kwa mphamvu yokoka.
Chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha Kugwirizana
Albert Einstein adapereka lingaliro lake la relativity mu 1915, lomwe linasintha kumvetsetsa kwathu mphamvu yokoka. Mu lingaliro ili, mphamvu yokoka si mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito pakati pa misa, koma chifukwa cha kupindika kwa malo ndi nthawi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha misa ndi mphamvu. Njira yofunikira ya general relativity ndi Einstein's field equation:
\[ R_{\mu\nu} – \frac{1}{2} R g_{\mu\nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4} T_{\mu\nu} \]
Kumene:
– \( R_{\mu\nu} \) ndi Ricci tensor yomwe imafotokoza kupindika kwa space-time,
– \( R \) ndi Ricci scalar,
– \( g_{\mu\nu} \) ndi tensor ya metric yomwe imafotokoza mawonekedwe a space-time,
– \( \Lambda \) ndiye chokhazikika cha chilengedwe,
– \( G \) ndi mphamvu yokoka,
– \( c \) ndi liwiro la kuwala mu vacuum,
– \( T_{\mu\nu} \) ndi tensor ya mphamvu-kasino yomwe imafotokoza kugawa kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu mu nthawi ya mlengalenga.
Chiphunzitso cha relativity chimatithandiza kumvetsetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka silingathe kufotokoza, monga kuwunikira kwa mphamvu yokoka, kuyendayenda kwa Mercury, ndi kukula kwa chilengedwe. Chimaneneranso za kukhalapo kwa mafunde okoka, omwe adazindikirika koyamba ndi Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) mu 2015.
Zomwe Zapezeka Posachedwapa ndi Zomwe Zachitika
Kupezeka kwa mafunde okoka ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zachitika mu sayansi yamakono, zomwe zimapereka umboni wolunjika wa chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zanenedweratu za chiphunzitso cha relativity. Kuzindikira kumeneku kumatsegula zenera latsopano la chilengedwe chonse ndi kuphunzira za zochitika zoopsa kwambiri zakuthambo, monga kugundana pakati pa mabowo akuda ndi nyenyezi za neutron.
Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wokhudza zinthu zakuda ndi mphamvu yakuda akusonyeza kuti mphamvu yokoka ikhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zomwe sizinamvetsetsedwe bwino. Zinthu zakuda ndi mphamvu yakuda zikuwoneka kuti zikulamulira chilengedwe chonse, koma sizitulutsa kapena kuyamwa kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzizindikira mwachindunji. Komabe, mphamvu yokoka ya zinthu zakuda imatha kuwonedwa kudzera mu lensi yokoka ndi kayendedwe ka milalang'amba.
Mapeto
Lamulo la mphamvu yokoka ndi limodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu sayansi ya zakuthambo, zomwe zimasintha momwe timamvetsetsera chilengedwe chonse. Kuyambira lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka padziko lonse lapansi mpaka chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha kugwirizana kwa zinthu, kumvetsetsa kwathu mphamvu yokoka kwasintha kwambiri. Kafukufuku ndi zinthu zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa zikupitilirabe kutsutsa ndikukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu, ndikutsegula njira yopezera zinthu zamtsogolo. Mphamvu yokoka ikadali gawo lofufuza logwira ntchito komanso losangalatsa, ndipo zinsinsi zambiri sizikuthetsedwa.
