Fomula Yothekera Yamagetsi
Pendauluan
Mphamvu yamagetsi ndi lingaliro lofunikira mu fizikisi yamagetsi lomwe limafotokoza mphamvu yamagetsi pa unit charge pamalo amodzi mu gawo lamagetsi. Limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito, kuphatikizapo kupanga ma circuits amagetsi, kumvetsetsa zochitika zamagetsi ndi zamaginito, komanso kusanthula machitidwe a tinthu tamagetsi tomwe timayendetsedwa. Nkhaniyi ikambirana tanthauzo la mphamvu yamagetsi, ma formula okhudzana nayo, lingaliro la minda yamagetsi, momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi zitsanzo zokulitsa kumvetsetsa.
Tanthauzo la Mphamvu Yamagetsi
Mphamvu yamagetsi pamalo enaake mu gawo lamagetsi imafotokozedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa ntchito yomwe yachitika kuti isunthe mphamvu ya unit kuchokera pamalo enaake (nthawi zambiri osatha) kupita pamalo amenewo. Mwa masamu, mphamvu yamagetsi (\(V\)) imafotokozedwa mu mayunitsi a volts (V) ndipo ikhoza kupangidwa motere:
\[ V = \frac{W}{q} \]
Kumene:
– \(V\) ndi mphamvu yamagetsi,
– \(W\) ndi ntchito yochitidwa kuti musunthe mphamvu,
– \(q\) ndi kukula kwa mphamvu.
Fomula Yothekera Yamagetsi ya Magwero a Mfundo
Pa mtengo wa mfundo \(Q\) wopangira mphamvu yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi \(V\) yomwe ili patali \(r\) kuchokera pa mtengo imaperekedwa ndi:
\[ V = \frac{kQ}{r} \]
Kumene:
– \(V\) ndi mphamvu yamagetsi,
– \(k\) ndi Coulomb yosasintha (\(8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2\)),
– \(Q\) ndi kukula kwa mtengo,
– \(r\) ndi mtunda wochokera pa chaji mpaka pomwe mphamvu imayesedwa.
Malo Ogwiritsira Ntchito Magetsi ndi Mphamvu Zamagetsi
Munda wamagetsi (\(E\)) ndi kuchuluka kwa vekitala komwe kumafotokoza mphamvu pa unit iliyonse yomwe imakumana ndi charge yoyesera pamalo enaake. Ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa munda wamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ukhoza kufotokozedwa motere:
\[ \vec{E} = -\nabla V \]
Kumene:
– \(\vec{E}\) ndi gawo lamagetsi,
– \(\nabla V\) ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi pa zolipiritsa zingapo
Ngati pali ma point charge angapo, mphamvu yonse yamagetsi pamalo amodzi ndi chiwerengero cha algebraic cha mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mphamvu iliyonse. Mwa masamu, pa ma charges \(Q_1, Q_2, \ldots, Q_n\) omwe ali patali \(r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_n\) kuchokera pamalowo, mphamvu yonse yamagetsi \(V_{total}\) ndi:
\[ V_{total} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{kQ_i}{r_i} \]
Mphamvu yamagetsi mu ma conductor
Mu conductor yamagetsi, ma charge aulere amatha kuyenda mosavuta. Zotsatira zake, mphamvu yamagetsi mkati mwa conductor ndi zero, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi imakhala yosasintha mu conductor yonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati tilumikiza mfundo ziwiri mu conductor, palibe kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pawo.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Zamagetsi Pamoyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku
Mabatire ndi Ma Circuit a Magetsi
Batire ndi gwero la mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyana pakati pa ma terminal ake abwino ndi oipa. Kusiyana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti magetsi aziyenda mu closed circuit, zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi.
Kapastor
Capacitor ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasunga mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa mbale ziwiri zoyendetsera magetsi zomwe zimalekanitsidwa ndi dielectric. Mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa mbalezo imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yomwe ingasunge.
Mphezi
Mphezi imachitika pamene kuchuluka kwa magetsi m'mitambo kumapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mtambo ndi pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi. Pamene kusiyana kumeneku kuli kwakukulu mokwanira, mphamvu zamagetsi zimatulutsidwa ngati mphezi.
Zitsanzo za mafunso ndi mayankho
Chitsanzo cha Funso 1
Cholipiritsa cha mfundo \(Q = 2 \, \mu \text{C}\) chimayikidwa pamalo enaake. Werengani mphamvu yamagetsi pamtunda wa mamita 0,5 kuchokera pa cholipiritsacho.
Yankho:
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yamagetsi yopezera mphamvu ya point charge:
\[ V = \frac{kQ}{r} \]
Lowetsani mfundo zomwe zaperekedwa:
\[ V = \frac{8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \times 2 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{0,5 \, \text{m}} \]
\[ V = \frac{17.98 \times 10^3 \, \text{N m/C}}{0,5} \]
\[ V = 35.96 \nthawi 10^3 \, \malemba{V} \]
\[ V = 35.96 \, \malemba{kV} \]
Kotero, mphamvu yamagetsi pa mtunda wa mamita 0,5 kuchokera pa chaji ndi 35,96 kV.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 2
Ma point charge awiri \(Q_1 = 3 \, \mu \text{C}\) ndi \(Q_2 = -2 \, \mu \text{C}\) amayikidwa pa mtunda wa mita imodzi ndi mamita 0,5 kuchokera pa point P. Werengani mphamvu yonse yamagetsi pa point P.
Yankho:
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yamagetsi yopezera mphamvu zingapo:
\[ V_{total} = \frac{kQ_1}{r_1} + \frac{kQ_2}{r_2} \]
Lowetsani mfundo zomwe zaperekedwa:
\[ V_{total} = \frac{8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \times 3 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{1 \, \text{m}} + \frac{8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \times (-2) \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{0,5 \, \text{m}} \]
\[ V_{total} = 26.97 \nthawi 10^3 \, \text{V} – 35.96 \nthawi 10^3 \, \text{V} \]
\[ V_{total} = -8.99 \nthawi 10^3 \, \malemba{V} \]
Kotero, mphamvu yonse yamagetsi pa mfundo P ndi -8.99 kV.
Mapeto
Mphamvu yamagetsi ndi lingaliro lofunika kwambiri lomwe limafotokoza mphamvu yomwe ingatheke pa unit charge pamalo enaake pamunda wamagetsi. Mwa kumvetsetsa njira zokhudzana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, monga \( V = \frac{W}{q} \) ndi \( V = \frac{kQ}{r} \), ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, titha kumvetsetsa bwino zochitika zamagetsi m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mphamvu yamagetsi ili ndi ntchito zambiri zothandiza, kuyambira pakupanga magetsi mpaka zochitika zachilengedwe monga mphezi. Kudzera mu zitsanzo zomwe zaphatikizidwa, tikuyembekeza kuti kumvetsetsa lingaliroli kudzakhala kozama komanso kogwira ntchito.
