Zitsanzo za mafunso ndi njira zowerengera mafunde a kuwala mu physical optics
Makhalidwe a kuwala
1. Kuwala ndi mafunde a elekitiromagineti, motero kuwala….
A. Saganizira mozama
B. Sakumana ndi vuto la kukana
C. Sichifuna njira yofalitsira
D. Silinyamula mphamvu pakufalikira kwake
Zokambirana
Kuwala ndi mafunde, motero, kumawunikira, kusinthasintha, ndipo kumanyamula mphamvu panthawi yofalikira, monga mafunde ena. Kuwala ndi mafunde amagetsi, kotero sikufuna njira yofalitsira.
Yankho lolondola ndi C.
2. Samalani ndi mawu otsatirawa:
1. Kuwala kumayenda molunjika
2. Kuwala ndi mafunde amagetsi
3. Kuwala kumatha kuyamwa
4. Kuwala kumanyamula chaji yamagetsi
Mawu olondola okhudza makhalidwe a kuwala ndi akuti...
A. chiganizo 1 chokha
B. mawu 1 ndi 2
C. mawu 1, 2 ndi 3
D. zonse zomwe zanenedwa ndi zoona
Zokambirana
1. Kuwala kumayenda molunjika.
Mawu awa ndi oona chifukwa ngakhale kuwala kumayenda ngati mafunde opingasa, njira ya kuwala ndi mzere wolunjika. Pankhani ya geometric optics (kuwunikira ndi kusinthasintha kwa kuwala), kuwala kumawonetsedwa ngati ray yomwe njira yake yoyendera ndi mzere wolunjika.
2. Kuwala ndi mafunde a elekitiromagineti:
Mawu awa ndi oona chifukwa kuwala ndi mafunde amagetsi, komwe kufalikira kwa kuwala sikufuna cholumikizira.
3. Kuwala kumatha kuyamwa:
Mawu awa ndi oona. Kuwala ndi mtundu wa mafunde amagetsi. Mafunde onse, amakina komanso amagetsi, amanyamula mphamvu akamayenda kuchokera pamalo ena kupita kwina. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu zina za kuwala zimatha kuyamwa ndi njira yomwe imadutsa. Mwachitsanzo, kuwala kukayenda kupita kugalasi la ndege, kuwala kwakukulu kumawala, koma gawo laling'ono limayamwa ndi galasi.
4. Kuwala kumanyamula chaji yamagetsi:
Mawu awa ndi abodza. Kuwala ndi mafunde amagetsi, ndipo mafunde amagetsi amapangidwa ndi magetsi ndi maginito ozungulira. Mafunde amagetsi amatulutsidwa ndi mphamvu zamagetsi.
Yankho lolondola ndi C.
Kuwunikira kwangwiro
3. Chithunzi chomwe chili kumanja chikuwonetsa mwala wokongoletsera wa diamondi womwe ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa kuwala komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi diamondiyo kumawala kwambiri. Chochitika ichi chimayambitsidwa ndi…
A. kukana kwangwiro komwe kuwala kumalowa kuchokera ku chinthu chocheperako pang'ono kupita ku chinthu chokhuthala kwambiri
B. kukana kwangwiro komwe ngodya ya zochitikazo ndi yaying'ono kuposa ngodya ya malire
C. kuwunikira bwino komwe kuwala kumachokera ku chinthu chocheperako pang'ono kupita ku chinthu chokhuthala kwambiri
D. kuwunikira kwangwiro komwe ngodya ya zochitikazo ndi yayikulu kuposa ngodya ya malire
Zokambirana
Kuwala kochokera ku diamondi kumaoneka ngati kuwala chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa kuwala ndi kuwunikira kwangwiro. Kuwunikira kwangwiro kumachitika pamene kuwala kusuntha kuchokera ku chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chapamwamba cha refractive index kupita ku chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chapansi cha refractive index. Mwachitsanzo, kuwala kusuntha kuchokera ku diamondi (yomwe ili ndi chizindikiro chapamwamba cha refractive index) kupita ku mpweya (yomwe ili ndi chizindikiro chapansi cha refractive index). Kuti mumvetse bwino izi, onani chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa.
Kuwala kukasuntha kuchokera ku sing'anga yokhala ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha refractive index kupita ku sing'anga yokhala ndi chizindikiro chaching'ono cha refractive index, kuwalako kumapindika kuchoka pachizolowezi. Ngati ngodya ya incidence (i) ndi yayikulu ndiye ngodya ya refraction (r) ndi yayikulu. Pa ngodya ina ya incidence, ngodya ya refraction ndi 90o. Ngodya ya incidence pamene ngodya ya refraction ndi 90o imatchedwa ngodya yofunikira (θk) kapena ngodya yocheperako. Ngati ngodya ya incidence ndi yayikulu kuposa ngodya yofunikira kapena ngodya yocheperako ndiye kuti palibe kuwala komwe kumapindika; kuwala konse kumawonetsedwa.
Yankho lolondola ndi D.
4. Mafunso a 2011 National Science Olympiad a Sukulu Zapamwamba pa Regency/Mzinda Nambala 39
Chochitika chotsatirachi, chomwe ndi chizindikiro cha kusinkhasinkha kwangwiro, ndi….
A. utawaleza
B. mdima
Nyanja yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya C.
D. astigmatism
Zokambirana
Chiwanda chimatchedwa chochitika changwiro chowunikira chifukwa munjira imeneyi, palibe kuwala kochokera mumlengalenga komwe kumasinthidwa ndi pamwamba pa msewu koma kumawoneka ngati kuwala konse kukuwunikiridwa ndi pamwamba pa msewu. Chiwanda chimachitika chifukwa kuwala kumayenda m'magawo a mpweya omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zosiyana za refractive chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwa zigawo izi za mpweya. M'malo mwake, kuwala sikuwunikiridwa ndi pamwamba pa msewu koma kumapindika (kupindika) ndi zigawo za mpweya zomwe zili ndi zizindikiro zosiyana za refractive.
Yankho lolondola ndi B.
5. Mafunso a 2010 National Science Olympiad a Sukulu Zapamwamba pa Regency/Mzinda Nambala 30
Kuwona mafuta akutayikira pamwamba pa msewu wa phula tsiku lotentha kwenikweni ndi chochitika chowunikira kwathunthu chifukwa….
A. Chizindikiro cha refractive cha zigawo zapamwamba za mpweya ndi chachikulu kuposa cha zigawo zapansi.
B. Chizindikiro cha refractive cha zigawo zapamwamba za mpweya ndi chaching'ono kuposa zigawo zapansi.
C. Madontho a madzi amawonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana pamakona osiyanasiyana a kuwunikira.
D. Madontho a madzi amasinthasintha mitundu yosiyanasiyana pa ngodya zosiyanasiyana zosinthira.
Zokambirana
Chithunzi chonga mafuta otayikira pamsewu wa phula tsiku lotentha ndi chitsanzo cha chizimezime. Chizimezime chimachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa chizindikiro cha refractive pakati pa mpweya pafupi ndi msewu ndi mpweya pamwamba pake.
Pa tsiku lotentha, pamwamba pa msewu pamafunika kutentha mpweya pamwamba pake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya pamwamba pa msewu ukhale wotentha kwambiri kuposa pamwamba pa mpweya. Mpweya wotentha kwambiri umakula kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale wochepa (wochepa). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mpweya wochepa wotentha pamwamba pake umakula pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale wokhuthala (wochuluka). Choncho mpweya wapansi umakhala wochepa, pomwe mpweya wa pamwamba umakhala wokhuthala kwambiri.
Popeza mpweya womwe uli pansi (pafupi ndi msewu) ndi wochepa, kuwala kumayenda mofulumira ukadutsa, pomwe mpweya womwe uli pamwamba ndi wokhuthala kwambiri kotero kuwala kumayenda pang'onopang'ono ukadutsa.
Fomula ya refractive index ndi iyi: n = c / v, pomwe n ndi refractive index, c = liwiro la kuwala mu vacuum = nthawi zonse = 3 x 108 m/s, v = liwiro la kuwala pakati. Kutengera ndi fomula iyi, c imakhazikika kotero kuti ngati v ikukula ndiye kuti n ikukula ndipo mosemphanitsa ngati v ichepa ndiye kuti n ikukula.
Kuwala kumayenda mofulumira mu mpweya wochepa (lalikulu v) kotero kuti mpweya wochepa umakhala ndi refractive index (yaing'ono n) pomwe kuwala kumayenda pang'onopang'ono mu mpweya wokwera (yaing'ono v) kotero kuti mpweya wapamwamba umakhala ndi refractive index yayikulu (lalikulu n).
Yankho lolondola ndi A.
chizindikiro chowunikira
6. Kuwala kooneka kumakhala ndi kutalika kwa mafunde a 510 nm mumlengalenga. Ngati kuwalako kukalowa mu sing'anga yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha refractive cha 1,5, kutalika kwake kwa mafunde kumasintha kukhala….
A. 680 nm
B. 510 nm
C. 340 nm
D. 170 nm
Zokambirana
Amadziwika kuti:
Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) = 510 nm = 510 x 10-9 mita
Chizindikiro cha refractive (n) = 1,5
Funso: Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) kumasintha kukhala….
Yankho:
Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) kumasintha kufika pa 340 nanometers.
Yankho lolondola ndi C.
7. Nsomba imawoneka pansi pa nyanja ya dziwe loyera, kuya kwa dziwe ndi mamita awiri, chizindikiro cha refractive cha dziwe ndi 4/3. Ngati nsombayo ikuwoneka mopingasa pamwamba pa dziwe, kodi nsombayo imawoneka patali bwanji kuchokera pamwamba pa dziwe?
A. mita imodzi kuchokera pamwamba pa dziwe losambira
B. mamita 1,5 kuchokera pamwamba pa dziwe losambira
C. mamita awiri kuchokera pamwamba pa dziwe losambira
D. 2,67 mamita kuchokera pamwamba pa dziwe losambira
Zokambirana
Amadziwika kuti:
Chizindikiro cha refractive cha dziwe = 4/3
Kuzama kwa dziwe losambira = mamita awiri
Funso: Kodi nsombazi zimatha kuwoneka patali bwanji kuchokera pamwamba pa dziwe?
Yankho:
Mtunda wooneka = 1 : n (mtunda weniweni)
Mtunda wooneka = 1 : 4/3 (mamita awiri)
Mtunda wooneka = 1 x 3/4 (mamita awiri)
Mtunda wooneka = 3/4 (mamita awiri)
Mtunda wooneka = 6/4
Mtunda wooneka = mamita 1,5
Mtunda wa nsomba womwe umawonekera kuchokera pamwamba pa dziwe = mamita 1,5
Yankho lolondola ndi B.
8. Kuwala kumatha kufalikira mu njira yomwe chizindikiro chake cha refractive poyerekeza ndi chilengedwe ndi….
A. > 1
B. = 1
C. < 1
D. = 0
Zokambirana
Chizindikiro cha vacuum chowunikira = 1,0000
Chizindikiro cha refractive cha sing'anga ndi chachikulu kuposa chizindikiro cha refractive cha vacuum.
Yankho lolondola ndi A.
Kufalikira kwa kuwala
9. Ngodya ya kufalikira ndi ngodya pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya kuwala kofanana komwe kumachitika ngati….
A. kugawanika kwa kuwala
B. kuyamwa kwa kuwala
C. kufalikira kwa kuwala
D. kufalikira kwa kuwala
Zokambirana
Kuwala kofanana ndi kuwala ndi kuwala komwe kuli ndi mtundu umodzi kapena kutalika kwa nthawi. Kuwala koyera, monga kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndi kuphatikiza mitundu yonse, iliyonse yokhala ndi kutalika kwa nthawi kapena mafupipafupi osiyanasiyana. Kugawanika kwa kuwala koyera kukhala mawonekedwe owoneka (ofiira, alanje, achikasu, obiriwira, abuluu, indigo, ndi violet) kumatchedwa kuwala kofalikira.
Kufalikira kwa kuwala kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma prism, madontho a madzi, kapena zinthu zina. Utawaleza ndi chitsanzo cha kufalikira kwa kuwala m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, komwe kuwala kwa dzuwa kumafalikira ndi madontho a mvula.
Yankho lolondola ndi C.
10. Mafunso a 2011 National Science Olympiad a Sukulu Zapamwamba pa Regency/Mzinda Nambala 60
Utawaleza umawoneka ngati riboni yokongola yooneka ngati bwalo lozungulira pang'ono. Dongosolo lolondola la mitundu inayi ya utawaleza pansipa, kuyambira yaying'ono mpaka yayikulu kwambiri, ndi…
A. wofiira, lalanje, wachikasu, wobiriwira
B. buluu, wofiirira, wobiriwira, wachikasu
C. wobiriwira, wabuluu, wa mtundu wa indigo, wa violet
D. indigo, buluu, wobiriwira, wachikasu
Zokambirana
Mtundu wa utawaleza ndi wofiira, lalanje, wachikasu, wobiriwira, wabuluu, wa indigo ndi wofiirira.
Kuwala kofiira kumakhala ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, pomwe kuwala kofiirira kumakhala ndi kochepa kwambiri. Kupatuka kwa mtundu uliwonse wa kuwala kumadalira kutalika kwa nthawi yake.
Kuwala koyera kukafalikira ndi madontho a mvula, kuwala komwe kuli ndi mafunde ataliatali kumachepa, pomwe kuwala komwe kuli ndi mafunde aafupi kumachepa. Kuwala kofiira kumachepa chifukwa kutalika kwake ndikutali, pomwe kuwala kofiirira kumachepa chifukwa kutalika kwake ndi kochepa, monga momwe chithunzi chili pansipa chikusonyezera. Motero, diso la wowonera limawona kuwala kofiira pamwamba ndi kuwala kofiirira pansi.
Mitundu yonse ya kuwala kwa utawaleza imakhala yozungulira pang'ono, pomwe bwalo lofiira la kuwala lili pamwamba kotero kuti lili ndi radius yayikulu kwambiri, pomwe bwalo lofiirira la kuwala lili pansi kotero kuti lili ndi radius yaying'ono kwambiri.
Dongosolo la mitundu yowala kuyambira pa radius yayikulu kwambiri mpaka radius yaying'ono kwambiri ndi yofiira, lalanje, yachikasu, yobiriwira, yabuluu, indigo, yofiirira.
Yankho lolondola ndi D.
11. Mitundu yowala kuchokera ku mafuta pamwamba pa madzi imachitika chifukwa cha chochitikachi...
A. kusokoneza
B. kugawanika
C. kufalikira
D. kufalikira kwa ma diffraction
Zokambirana
Yankho lolondola ndi C.
