Mfundo za Mafunde
Mafunde ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo fizikisi, uinjiniya, komanso nyimbo. Mu fizikisi, mafunde amatanthauzidwa ngati chisokonezo chomwe chimafalikira mumlengalenga kapena pachombo, limodzi ndi kusamutsa mphamvu. Mfundo zazikulu zomwe zimalamulira machitidwe a mafunde zimaphatikizapo malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa chikhalidwe chachikulu cha mafunde mpaka momwe amagwirira ntchito limodzi.
1. Katundu Woyambira wa Mafunde
Kuti mumvetse mfundo za mafunde, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa makhalidwe oyambira omwe mitundu yonse ya mafunde imagawana. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya mafunde: mafunde amakina ndi mafunde amagetsi. Mafunde amakina amafuna sing'anga kuti afalikire, monga madzi, mpweya, kapena chingwe, pomwe mafunde amagetsi, monga kuwala ndi mafunde a wailesi, safuna sing'anga ndipo amatha kufalikira mu vacuum.
Mafunde onse ali ndi makhalidwe akuluakulu angapo, monga kukula, kutalika kwa nthawi, kuchuluka kwa nthawi, ndi liwiro:
– Kuchuluka kwa mafunde ndi muyeso wa kukula kwa mafunde, kapena kutalika kwake kwakukulu kuyambira pakati mpaka pamwamba pake. Kuchuluka kwa mafunde kumagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya mafunde; kukula kwa mafunde kukakhala kwakukulu, mphamvu zambiri zomwe mafundewo amanyamula.
– Kutalika kwa mafunde ndi mtunda pakati pa mfundo ziwiri zotsatizana zomwe zili mu gawo, monga crest kupita ku crest kapena through kupita ku through. Kutalika kwa mafunde nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa mu mamita, ndipo chizindikiro chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lambda (λ).
– Mafupipafupi amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa mafunde omwe amachitika mu sekondi imodzi ndipo amayesedwa mu hertz (Hz). Mafupipafupi ndi mafunde zimakhala ndi ubale wotsutsana; pamene mafupipafupi akuwonjezeka, mafunde amachepa, pomwe liwiro limakhala losasintha.
- Liwiro la mafunde ndi liwiro limene mafunde amafalikira kudzera mu sing'anga. Liwiro limeneli limadalira mtundu wa mafunde ndi sing'anga yomwe imadutsamo.
2. Mfundo ya Superposition
Mfundo imodzi yofunika kwambiri mu mafunde ndi mfundo ya superposition, yomwe imati mafunde awiri kapena kuposerapo akakumana mumlengalenga, kusokoneza komwe kumachitika nthawi iliyonse ndi chiwerengero cha algebraic cha kusokoneza kulikonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mafunde amatha kulimbikitsana (komanga) kapena kufooketsana (kuwononga) akakumana. Chochitikachi nthawi zambiri chimawoneka mu phokoso ndi kuwala. Mwachitsanzo, kusokoneza komanga kumatha kukulitsa phokoso pamalo amodzi, ndipo kusokoneza kowononga kungayambitse "malo chete."
3. Kusinkhasinkha, Kusinthasintha, ndi Kusinthasintha
Mafunde akakumana ndi chopinga kapena njira yatsopano, amatha kukumana ndi zochitika zingapo:
– Kuganizira: Kumachitika pamene mafunde agunda pamwamba ndikubwerera ku malo ake oyambirira. Lamulo la kusinkhasinkha limati ngodya ya zochitika ndi yofanana ndi ngodya ya kusinkhasinkha.
– Kusinthasintha: Uku ndi kusintha kwa njira ya mafunde pamene alowa mu sing'anga pa liwiro losiyana. Izi zimaoneka pamene kuwala kumadutsa kuchokera mumlengalenga kupita ku galasi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusinthasintha ndi kusintha kwa njira.
– Kusinthasintha: Njira yomwe mafunde amadutsa m'malo otseguka kapena kuzungulira chopinga ndikufalikira. Kusinthasintha kumalola mafunde kufalikira m'malo amthunzi.
4. Mafunde Osasuntha
Mafunde oyima amapangidwa pamene mafunde awiri ofanana a pafupipafupi ndi amplitude amayenda mbali zosiyana ndikusokoneza. Izi zimapanga mawonekedwe okhazikika okhala ndi ma node (malo okhazikika) ndi ma antipodes (mapiri ndi zigwa zapamwamba). Chochitika ichi nthawi zambiri chimapezeka mu zida zanyimbo, monga zingwe za gitala kapena mafunde a mpweya m'mapaipi a organ.
5. Zotsatira za Doppler
Doppler effect ndi kusintha kwa mafupipafupi a phokoso kapena kuwala komwe kumamveka ndi wowonera chifukwa cha mayendedwe a gwero ndi wolandila. Chitsanzo cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kusintha kwa phokoso la siren ya ambulansi ikayandikira ndikuchokapo. Izi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu radar ndi njira zoyendetsera zakuthambo zomwe zimazindikira liwiro.
6. Kugawanika kwa ma polarization
Kugawanika kwa kuwala kumatanthauza komwe mafunde amagwedezeka ndipo nthawi zambiri kumafotokozedwa pankhani ya mafunde owala. Mu kuwala kogawanika, kugawanika kumeneku kumachitika mbali imodzi yokha. Izi ndizofunikira muukadaulo wosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma LCD monitors ndi magalasi a dzuwa ogawanika, omwe amachepetsa kuwala mwa kutseka kuwala kogawanika.
7. Kumveka bwino
Kugwedezeka kumachitika pamene dongosolo likugwedezeka pafupipafupi mwachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti amplitude ikule kwambiri. Izi zitha kuwoneka mu zochitika monga acoustic resonance mu zida zanyimbo kapena mechanical resonance, monga pamene mlatho wogwedezeka ungagwere pafupipafupi zina. Chochitika ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wambiri, kuphatikizapo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mu zamankhwala.
Kutseka
Mfundo za mafunde sizimangothandiza pa mfundo zambiri mu fizikisi komanso zimakhudza ntchito zambiri zothandiza. Kumvetsetsa bwino mfundo zimenezi kumatithandiza kupanga ukadaulo watsopano ndikuwongolera womwe ulipo kale. Kukula kwa ukadaulo wolumikizirana, monga mafoni am'manja ndi maukonde opanda zingwe, komanso zida zosiyanasiyana zojambulira zamankhwala ndi zowunikira, kumadalira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwakuya momwe mafunde amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito ndi dziko lotizungulira. Kudzera mu kafukufuku wawo wozama, sitingomvetsetsa bwino zochitika zachilengedwe komanso timapititsa patsogolo ntchito zake kwa anthu.
