Chemistry yobiriwira, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti chemistry yokhazikika, ndi njira ya chemistry yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimachepetsa kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga zinthu zoopsa. Cholinga chachikulu cha chemistry yobiriwira ndikupanga njira zomwe zimakhala zosamalira chilengedwe, zogwira ntchito bwino, komanso zokhazikika. Mfundozi ndizofunikira kwambiri pothandizira zoyesayesa zosamalira chilengedwe komanso kuthana ndi mavuto apadziko lonse okhudzana ndi kuipitsa chilengedwe, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kusowa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.
Mbiri ndi Mfundo Zoyambira za Green Chemistry
Chemistry yobiriwira inayamba kukula kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 chifukwa cha chidziwitso chowonjezeka cha momwe makampani opanga mankhwala amakhudzira chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Anthu awiri ofunikira pakukula kwa chemistry yobiriwira ndi Paul Anastas ndi John Warner, omwe mu 1998 adapanga Mfundo 12 za Chemistry Yobiriwira m'buku lawo, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice . Mfundozi zimapereka malangizo opangira njira ndi zinthu zotetezeka komanso zosawononga chilengedwe.
Mfundo 12 za Green Chemistry
- Kupewa Zinyalala: Mfundo yoyamba ikugogomezera kufunika kopewa kupanga zinyalala m'malo mozisamalira zitapangidwa kale. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka mankhwala kuyenera kuyesetsa kuchepetsa zinyalala kuyambira pachiyambi.
- Chuma cha Atomiki: Amaika patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ma reactants kuti maatomu ambiri kapena onse a reactant akhale gawo la chinthu chomaliza. Izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatayika.
- Kupanga Koopsa KwambiriKugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zinthu zomwe zimapanga zinthu zopanda poizoni kapena zopanda poizoni, kwa anthu komanso chilengedwe.
- Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala OtetezekaKupanga mankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika koma opanda poizoni wambiri.
- Zosungunulira Zotetezeka ndi Mikhalidwe YochitiraPewani kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosungunulira zoopsa komanso zinthu zomwe zingachitike. Nthawi iliyonse ikatheka, njira zopangira mankhwala ziyenera kuchitika popanda zinthu zosungunulira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosungunulira zotetezeka komanso zosawononga chilengedwe.
- Kapangidwe ka Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Moyenera: Kukonza bwino momwe mphamvu imagwiritsidwira ntchito m'njira za mankhwala, mwachitsanzo mwa kuchita zinthu pa kutentha kwa chipinda ndi kupanikizika ngati n'kotheka.
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zongowonjezedwanso: Ikani patsogolo zinthu zopangira zomwe zimachokera ku zinthu zongowonjezedwanso m'malo mwa zinthu zosangowonjezedwanso.
- Kuchepetsa Zochokera ku ZomeraChepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina monga zoteteza, zosinthira, kapena zinthu zosafunikira zomwe zingapangitse zinyalala zina.
- KukonzaKugwiritsa ntchito ma catalyst kuti awonjezere mphamvu ya zochita za mankhwala, potero kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa mphamvu ndi zinthu zopangira.
- Kapangidwe ka Kuwonongeka KotetezekaKupanga zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwola n’kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto zikatayidwa m’chilengedwe.
- Kusanthula Kwanthawi Yeniyeni Popewa Kuipitsa: Kupanga njira zowunikira ndi kulamulira njira zamagetsi nthawi yeniyeni kuti apewe kupanga zinthu zoopsa.
- Chemistry Yotetezeka kwa Anthu ndi ZachilengedweSankhani zinthu ndi njira zomwe zimachepetsa zoopsa zomwe zingachitike kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe.
Kukhazikitsa Green Chemistry mu Makampani
Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za chemistry yobiriwira m'makampani opanga mankhwala kungapereke zabwino zosiyanasiyana, monga kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Zitsanzo zina za kugwiritsa ntchito chemistry yobiriwira m'makampani ndi izi:
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zosungunulira Zoteteza KuchilengedweMakampani ambiri opanga mankhwala akusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo oopsa achilengedwe kupita ku mankhwala otetezeka, monga madzi kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mwachitsanzo, makampani opanga mankhwala tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa CO2 wofunikira kwambiri, womwe ungalowe m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda achilengedwe pochotsa zinthu.
- Kupanga Mankhwala Ochokera ku ZamoyoKugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira zinthu zongowonjezedwanso monga biomass popanga mankhwala kukuchulukirachulukira. Chitsanzo ndi kupanga lactic acid kuchokera ku kuwiritsa kwa shuga wochokera ku zomera, komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira mapulasitiki owonongeka.
- Njira Yothandizira: Kugwiritsa ntchito ma catalyst mu zochita za mankhwala kuti awonjezere kugwira ntchito bwino ndikuchepetsa kuwononga. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi njira ya Haber-Bosch yopanga ammonia, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma catalyst kuti iwonjezere kugwira ntchito bwino kwa nayitrogeni ndi haidrojeni.
Mavuto ndi Mwayi
Ngakhale lingaliro la chemistry yobiriwira limapereka zabwino zambiri, kukhazikitsa kwake zenizeni kumakumanabe ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Vuto lalikulu ndi mtengo wokwera woyambira wofufuzira ndi kupanga ukadaulo watsopano wosawononga chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kukana kusintha m'mafakitale odziwika bwino ndi chopinga.
Komabe, pali mwayi wambiri wopititsa patsogolo mtsogolo mwa chemistry yobiriwira. Kuchulukitsa chidziwitso cha anthu ndi malamulo okhwima aboma okhudzana ndi nkhani zachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti makampani ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zobiriwira. Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga zinthu zatsopano ndi mgwirizano pakati pa akatswiri a zamaphunziro, mafakitale, ndi boma zitha kufulumizitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wobiriwira.
Mapeto
Mankhwala obiriwira amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zoteteza chilengedwe potsogolera kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi njira zotetezeka, zogwira mtima, komanso zokhazikika. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo 12 za mankhwala obiriwira, makampani opanga mankhwala amatha kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa pa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu, pomwe akuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Ngakhale akukumanabe ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, mwayi wopanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala obiriwira ukupitirira kukula chifukwa cha chidziwitso chowonjezeka ndi chithandizo kuchokera kwa magulu osiyanasiyana. Ndi kudzipereka kofanana, mankhwala obiriwira akhoza kukhala maziko a chitukuko cha mafakitale chokhazikika komanso chosamalira chilengedwe.
