Sayansi

Madzi, madzi ndi mpweya, ali ndi kukhuthala kosiyanasiyana. Kukhuthala kwenikweni ndi mphamvu yokangana pakati pa mamolekyu omwe amapanga madzi. Mamolekyu omwe amapanga madzi amakhuzana pamene akuyenda. Mu madzi, kukhuthala kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwirizana (kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu ofanana). Mu mpweya, kukhuthala kumachitika chifukwa cha kugundana pakati pa mamolekyu.

Madzi amadzimadzi nthawi zambiri amayenda mosavuta, mwachitsanzo madzi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madzi okhuthala ndi ovuta kuyenda, mwachitsanzo mafuta ophikira, mafuta, uchi, ndi zina zotero. Mutha kutsimikizira izi pothira madzi ndi mafuta ophikira pansi potsetsereka. Madzi adzayenda mofulumira kuposa mafuta ophikira kapena mafuta. Kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi kumadaliranso kutentha. Kutentha kwa madzimadzi kukakwera, madziwo samakhala olimba kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mayi akamaphika nsomba kukhitchini, mafuta ophikira omwe poyamba amakhala olimba amakhala olimba kwambiri akatenthedwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutentha kwa mpweya kukakwera, mpweyawo umakhala wolimba kwambiri.

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Kodi mudawonapo kandulo? tikukhulupirira kuti mudzagwiritsa ntchito. Chinthu chimodzi chosangalatsa chomwe timatha kuwona kandulo ikayaka. Pansi pa chingwe cha kandulo chomwe chikuyaka nthawi zambiri chimakhala chonyowa ndi sera yosungunuka (pa chingwe). Kupezeka kwa sera yosungunuka pa chingwe kumatanthauza kuti kanduloyo imatha kuyaka kwa nthawi yayitali. N’chiyani chimapangitsa sera yosungunuka kupita mmwamba kupita ku chingwe cha kandulo chomwe chikuyaka? Titha kuwona chochitika chomwecho mu nyali.

Zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa m'miyoyo yathu zikufanana ndi zochitika zomwe zimachitika m'makandulo ndi nyali zamafuta. Zili ngati madziwo ali ndi miyendo, zomwe zimawalola kupita mmwamba. Kodi mungafotokoze izi mwasayansi? Lingaliro limodzi la fiziki lomwe lingathe kufotokoza zochitika zomwe zimachitika m'makandulo, nyali zamafuta, ndi zochitika zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi izi ndi capillarity.

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Zinthu za Malamulo a Archimedes

Kodi munayamba mwawonapo sitima? Ngati simunawonepo sitimayo pamasom'pamaso, mwina mwaiwonapo pa wailesi yakanema kapena pa intaneti. Sitimayo yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu kwambiri siima, pomwe mwala wawung'ono, wopepuka ungamire. Nchifukwa chiyani zili choncho? Yankho lake ndi losavuta ngati mukumvetsa mfundo za kuyenda pansi ndi mfundo ya Archimedes.

Mu moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, tidzapeza kuti zinthu zomwe zimayikidwa mumadzimadzi, monga mwala, zimakhala ndi kulemera kochepa kuposa pamene chinthucho sichili mumadzimadzi. Mungakhale ndi vuto lokweza mwala kuchokera pamwamba pa nthaka, koma mwala womwewo umachotsedwa mosavuta pansi pa dziwe. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yoyandama. Kuyenda bwino kumachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi pa kuya kosiyana. Kuthamanga kwa madzi kumawonjezeka ndi kuya, madzi akamazama, kuthamanga kwa madzi kumakulirakulira. Chinthu chikayikidwa mumadzimadzi, padzakhala kusiyana kwa kuthamanga pakati pa madzi pamwamba pa chinthucho ndi madzi pansi pa chinthucho. Madzi omwe ali pansi pa chinthucho amakhala ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu kuposa madzi omwe ali pamwamba pa chinthucho.

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Zinthu Zokhudza Kupanikizika kwa Madzimadzi

Mu fizikisi, kupanikizika kumatanthauzidwa ngati mphamvu pa dera lililonse, komwe kayendetsedwe ka mphamvuyo kali kolunjika ku dera lonse. Mwa masamu, kupanikizika kumafotokozedwa ndi equation P = F/A, pomwe P = kupanikizika, F = mphamvu ndi A = dera la pamwamba. Unit of force (F) ndi Newton (N), unit of area ndi masikweya mita (m ² ). Popeza kupanikizika ndi mphamvu pa dera lililonse, unit of pressure ndi N/m ^2. Dzina lina la N/m ² ndi pascal (Pa). Pascal amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati unit of pressure polemekeza Blaise Pascal.

Madzi akapuma, amakhala ndi mphamvu yolunjika pamwamba ponse pomwe akukumana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani madzi mu galasi; gawo lililonse la madzi limakhala ndi mphamvu yolunjika khoma la galasi. Chifukwa chake, gawo lililonse la madzi limakhala ndi mphamvu yolunjika pa gawo lililonse la chidebe chomwe chili. Ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira cha madzi osasinthasintha, madzi omwe ali pamalo opumulira. Madzi akamapuma, pomwe mphamvuyo si yolunjika, pamwamba pake padzakhala mphamvu yochitapo kanthu, komanso osati yolunjika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti madziwo ayende. Komabe, kwenikweni, madziwo amakhalabe pamalo opumulira. Chifukwa chake, mumadzi omwe ali pamalo opumulira, mphamvuyo nthawi zonse imakhala yolunjika pamwamba pa chidebe chomwe chili.

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Kumvetsetsa madzi osasunthika komanso amphamvu

Mu fizikisi, madzi amatanthauzidwa ngati chinthu chomwe chimatha kuyenda. Mwaphunzira kuti zinthu zomwe timakumana nazo tsiku ndi tsiku zimakhala zolimba, zamadzimadzi, ndi mpweya. Mawu akuti madzimadzi amaphatikizapo zonse zamadzimadzi ndi mpweya, chifukwa zamadzimadzi monga madzi ndi mpweya monga mpweya zimatha kuyenda. Zamadzimadzi monga miyala kapena chitsulo sizingayende ndipo motero sizingaganizidwe ngati zamadzimadzi. Kuti mumvetse bwino kufotokozera kumeneku, ndikofunikira kuganizira zitsanzo zina kuchokera ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mukasamba, mumafunikira madzi. Kuti mufike padziwe, madzi amayenda kuchokera ku kasupe kapena amatengedwa kuchokera pachitsime. Madzi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha madzi. Pali zitsanzo zina za zamadzimadzi, monga mafuta odzola, mkaka, ndi zina zotero. Zamadzimadzi zonsezi zimatha kuganiziridwa ngati zamadzimadzi chifukwa zimatha kuyenda kuchokera pamalo amodzi kupita kwina. Mpweya ndi madzi. Mpweya ukhozanso kuyenda kuchokera pamalo amodzi kupita kwina. Mphepo yamphamvu ndi chitsanzo cha mpweya woyenda kuchokera pamalo amodzi kupita kwina.

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Kumvetsetsa Kupsinjika kwa Pamwamba

Kukanika kwa pamwamba kumachitika chifukwa pamwamba pa madzi kumakhala kolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe owonda ngati nembanemba. Izi zimakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwirizana pakati pa mamolekyu amadzi. Kuti mumvetse bwino kufotokozera kumeneku, taganizirani chitsanzo chotsatirachi. Tiyeni tiganizire za madzi omwe ali mu chidebe.

Mamolekyu amadzimadzi nthawi zambiri amakokana. Mkati mwa madzimadzi, molekyu iliyonse yamadzimadzi imazunguliridwa ndi mamolekyu ena mbali iliyonse; koma pamwamba pa madzimadzi, pali mamolekyu amadzimadzi okha mbali ndi pansi. Palibe mamolekyu ena amadzimadzi pamwamba. Chifukwa mamolekyu amadzimadzi amakokana, pali mphamvu ya zero pa mamolekyu omwe ali mkati mwa madzimadzi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mamolekyu amadzimadzi pamwamba amakokedwa ndi mamolekyu amadzimadzi m'mbali ndi pansi. Zotsatira zake, pali mphamvu yamadzimadzi pamwamba pa madzimadzi yomwe imatsogozedwa pansi. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yamadzimadziyi pansi, madzimadzi pamwamba pake amachepetsa malo ake, ndikuchepa momwe angathere.

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Imatchedwa Poiseuille equation chifukwa idapezeka ndi Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille (1799-1869) yemwe anali malemu. Monga tafotokozera, madzi aliwonse amatha kuonedwa ngati madzi abwino. Madzi abwino samakhala ndi kukhuthala. Ngati tikuganiza kuti madzi abwino akuyenda mu chitoliro, gawo lililonse la madzi limayenda pa liwiro lomwelo (v). Mosiyana ndi madzi abwino, madzi enieni, kapena madzi omwe timakumana nawo tsiku ndi tsiku, amakhala ndi kukhuthala. Chifukwa ali ndi kukhuthala, akamayenda mu chitoliro, mwachitsanzo, liwiro la gawo lililonse la madzi limasiyana. Gawo la madzi pakati limayenda mofulumira (v ndi lalikulu), pomwe gawo la madzi lomwe limalumikizidwa ku chitoliro silisuntha, aka still (v = 0). Chifukwa chake, kuyambira pakati mpaka m'mphepete mwa chitoliro, gawo lililonse la madzi limayenda pa liwiro losiyana. Kuti mumvetsetse mosavuta, onani chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa…

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Kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi mphamvu yokoka yeniyeni

Kuchulukana

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa chinthu ndi kuchuluka kwake. Mwa masamu, chimalembedwa motere:

ρ = m/V

ρ ndi chilembo cha Chigiriki chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posonyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi, m imayimira kulemera, ndipo V imayimira voliyumu. Kuchuluka kwa madzi ofanana ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthu cholimba chofanana. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo kapena ayezi zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kofanana m'mbali iliyonse. Izi ndi zosiyana ndi madzi, monga mlengalenga kapena madzi. Mu mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi, mlengalenga ukakhala wapamwamba kuchokera pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kochepa, pomwe m'madzi a m'nyanja, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kwakukulu. Kuchuluka kwa madzi ofanana kungadalire zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha ndi kuthamanga.

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Mutu wa Kuyesera: Lamulo Lachiwiri la Newton

Cholinga cha kuyeseraku: - Kufufuza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mphamvu ndi kufulumira

- Kufufuza ubale pakati pa kulemera ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi

Zipangizo ndi zipangizo: Njanji, magetsi, kuwala kwa malevel ambiri, sitima yoyendetsera zinthu, chojambulira nthawi, tepi, zolemera za magalamu 50 (3), zingwe zolumikizira.

Njira zokonzekera:

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Mutu wa kuyesera: Kuyenda kofulumira mofanana

Cholinga cha kuyeseraku: - Kuona zinthu zikuyenda molunjika pa liwiro losasintha.

- Dziwani graph ya nthawi yofulumira, graph ya nthawi yothamanga, graph ya nthawi ya mtunda

- Kuwerengera kuthamanga kwa chinthu

Zipangizo ndi zipangizo: Njanji, magetsi, mipiringidzo ya malevel ambiri, sitima yoyendera, chojambulira nthawi, tepi, katundu wa magalamu 50, zingwe zolumikizira.

Njira zokonzekera:

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