Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zofanana mu Mawerengedwe
Pendauluan
Kulinganiza kwa mankhwala ndi lingaliro lofunikira mu chemistry lomwe limafotokoza mkhalidwe momwe ma reaction a kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo amachitikira pamlingo womwewo, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa ma reactants ndi zinthu kumakhalabe kofanana pakapita nthawi. Njira imodzi yayikulu yomvetsetsera kulinganiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chokhazikika cha equilibrium (K).
Nkhaniyi ifotokoza momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito equilibrium constant pakuwerengera mozama. Tidzakambirana momwe mungawerengere K, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito kuwerengera equilibrium concentration, komanso momwe zinthu zakunja zingakhudzire equilibrium.
Kumvetsetsa Kugwirizana Konse
Chilinganizo cha equilibrium, K, ndi nambala yomwe imasonyeza malo ofanana a reaction ya mankhwala. Ndi chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu reactants, chilichonse chikukwezedwa ku mphamvu yofanana ndi stoichiometric coefficient yake mu chemical equation.
Mwachitsanzo, poyankha:
\[aA + bB \rightleftharpoons cC + dD\]
Chigwirizano chokhazikika ndi:
\[K = \frac{[C]^c [D]^d}{[A]^a [B]^b}\]
Apa, \([A]\), \([B]\), \([C]\), ndi \([D]\) ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimayanjanitsidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa, pomwe \(a\), \(b\), \(c\), ndi \(d\) ndi ma coefficients a chinthu chilichonse chomwe chimachitika.
Kuwerengera Nthawi Yofanana
Kuti tiwerenge K, tifunika kuchuluka kwa zinthu pa equilibrium. Mwachitsanzo, pa zomwe tinkaganiza kale, ngati tikudziwa kuchuluka kwa A, B, C, ndi D pa equilibrium, tingangosintha ma values awa kukhala equation ya K.
Chitsanzo:
Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi zotsatirazi pa kutentha kwina:
\[2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2SO_3(g)\]
Ngati tili ndi mgwirizano:
\[[SO_2] = 0.2 \, \malemba{M}\]
\[[O_2] = 0.1 \, \malemba{M}\]
\[[SO_3] = 0.4 \, \malemba{M}\]
Chilinganizo chokhazikika chidzawerengedwa motere:
\[K = \frac{[SO_3]^2}{[SO_2]^2 [O_2]} = \frac{(0.4)^2}{(0.2)^2 (0.1)} = \frac{0.16}{0.004} = 40\]
Kugwiritsa ntchito K kuti mulosere kukhazikika
Mtengo wa K ukadziwika, titha kuugwiritsa ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwa chinthu mu dongosolo lofanana.
Chitsanzo:
Taganizirani zomwe zinachitika:
\[H_2(g) + I_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2HI(g)\]
Ndi \(K = 50\) ndi momwe zimachitikira kuyambira ndi kuchuluka koyambirira:
\[[H_2] = 1.0 \, \malemba{M}\]
\[[I_2] = 1.0 \, \malemba{M}\]
\[[HI] = 0 \, \malemba{M}\]
Tiyeni tidziwe kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu equilibrium.
Choyamba, fotokozani kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu pamene kufanana kwafika. Tiyeni \(x\) ikhale molarity ya H_2 ndi I_2 zomwe zimachitapo kanthu, kenako:
Pa mgwirizano:
\[[H_2] = 1.0 – x\]
\[[I_2] = 1.0 – x\]
\[[HI] = 2x\]
Gwiritsani ntchito K kuti mupange equation yofanana:
\[K = \frac{[HI]^2}{[H_2][I_2]} = 50\]
\[\frac{(2x)^2}{(1.0 – x)(1.0 – x)} = 50\]
\[ \frac{4x^2}{(1.0 – x)^2} = 50\]
\[4x^2 = 50(1.0 – x)^2\]
\[4x^2 = 50(1.0 – 2x + x^2)\]
\[4x^2 = 50 – 100x + 50x^2\]
Konzaninso kuti mupange equation ya quadratic:
\[50x^2 – 4x^2 – 100x + 50 = 0\]
\[46x^2 – 100x + 50 = 0\]
Gwiritsani ntchito njira ya quadratic kuti muthetse \(x\):
\[x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}\]
Ndi \(a = 46\), \(b = -100\), ndi \(c = 50\):
\[x = \frac{100 \pm \sqrt{10000 – 9200}}{92}\]
\[x = \frac{100 \pm \sqrt{800}}{92}\]
\[x = \frac{100 \pm 28.28}{92}\]
\[x = \frac{128.28}{92} \text{ or } x = \frac{71.72}{92}\]
\[x = 1.395 \malemba{ kapena } x = 0.779\]
Yankho lokha \(x = 0.779\) ndilovomerezeka chifukwa kuchuluka sikungapitirire kuchuluka koyambirira.
Kotero kuchuluka kwa equilibrium kumakhala:
\[[H_2] = 1.0 – 0.779 = 0.221 \, \malemba{M}\]
\[[I_2] = 1.0 – 0.779 = 0.221 \, \malemba{M}\]
\[[HI] = 2(0.779) = 1.558 \, \malemba{M}\]
Mphamvu ya Zinthu Zachilengedwe
Zinthu monga kutentha, kupanikizika, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zingakhudze kulinganiza. Mfundo ya Le Chatelier imathandiza kuneneratu momwe dongosolo lolinganiza zinthu lidzayankhire kusintha kwakunja:
1. Kusintha kwa Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu: Kuwonjezera kapena kuchotsa chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa mphamvu kapena zinthu kungapangitse kuti dongosolo liziyenda bwino kuti libwezeretse mphamvu malinga ndi K.
2. Kusintha kwa Kupanikizika: Machitidwe okhala ndi mpweya adzayesa kuchepetsa kapena kuwonjezera kupanikizika mwa kusintha kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu a mpweya.
3. Kusintha kwa Kutentha: K idzasintha ngati kutentha kwasinthidwa. Pa zochitika za endothermic (zoyamwa kutentha), kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kudzawonjezera K, pomwe pa zochitika za exothermic (kutulutsa kutentha), kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kudzachepetsa K.
Mapeto
Chigwirizano cha equilibrium ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pofufuza ndi kulosera momwe zinthu zimayendera pa equilibrium. Tikamvetsetsa bwino K, titha kuwerengera malo a equilibrium ndikumvetsetsa momwe zinthu zakunja zimakhudzira equilibrium reactions. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo izi kumatithandiza kuwongolera zochitika za mankhwala m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana komanso m'ma laboratories.
