Kukana kwa Ohmic ndi Non-Ohmic: Kufotokozera Mozama kwa Malingaliro Awiri Oyambira mu Electrophysics
Pegantar
Kukana kwa magetsi ndi lingaliro lofunikira mu electrophysics, lomwe laphunziridwa kuyambira pomwe magetsi adayamba kupezeka. Kumvetsetsa kukana kumatithandiza kupanga ndikuwongolera zida zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira zosavuta monga mababu a incandescent mpaka zovuta monga makompyuta ndi mafoni a m'manja. Mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya kukana yomwe nthawi zambiri imakambidwa ndi kukana kwa ohmic ndi non-ohmic. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mokwanira mitundu iwiriyi ya kukana, momwe imagwirira ntchito, kusiyana kwawo, ndi momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito padziko lenileni.
Kukana kwa Ohmic
Mfundo Zoyambira
Kukana kwa Ohmic kumatsatira lamulo la Ohm, lomwe linafotokozedwa ndi Georg Simon Ohm m'zaka za m'ma 19. Lamulo la Ohm limati mphamvu yamagetsi (V) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kondakitala imagwirizana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi (I) yomwe imadutsamo, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi (R) ndiyo yokhazikika. Mwa masamu, imalembedwa motere:
\[ V = I \cdot R \]
Apa, V ndi voltage mu volts, I ndi current mu amperes, ndipo R ndi resistance mu ohms.
Khalidwe
Kukana kwa ohmic kumadziwika ndi ubale wolunjika pakati pa voltage ndi current. Izi zikutanthauza kuti graph pakati pa voltage ndi current idzakhala mzere wolunjika, wokhala ndi gradient (slope) yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mtengo wa resistance.
Chitsanzo
1. Mawaya a Chitsulo: Zitsulo zambiri, monga mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu, zimaonetsa khalidwe la ohmic pa kutentha ndi ma voltage enaake.
2. Chotsutsa: Chigawo chomwe chapangidwa mwapadera kuti chikhale ndi mphamvu inayake yotsutsa ndipo nthawi zambiri chimasonyeza khalidwe la ohmic.
Kugwiritsa ntchito
Kukana kwa ohmic kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zambiri, kuyambira ma circuit amagetsi osavuta mpaka ovuta. Mwachitsanzo, ma resistors amagwiritsidwa ntchito polamulira mphamvu zamagetsi m'ma circuit amagetsi, mababu a incandescent amawonetsa kukana kwa ohmic pafupifupi pama current otsika, ndipo mawaya achitsulo m'zida zambiri zamagetsi amasonyeza khalidwe la ohmic.
Kukana Kopanda Ohmic
Mfundo Zoyambira
Kukana kwa non-ohmic sikutsata lamulo la Ohm. Mu zigawo zomwe si-ohmic, ubale pakati pa voltage ndi current si wolunjika ndipo ungakhudzidwe ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mtundu wa zinthu, kutentha, ndi mphamvu ya current kapena voltage.
Khalidwe
Chithunzi cha voltage motsutsana ndi current cha zinthu zopanda ohmic si mzere wowongoka, koma chikhoza kukhala chozungulira chovuta. Ubale pakati pa V ndi I ukhoza kufotokozedwa ndi equation yovuta kwambiri kuposa lamulo losavuta la Ohm.
Chitsanzo
1. Diode: Chipangizo cha semiconductor chomwe chimalola magetsi kuyenda mbali imodzi osati mbali ina.
2. Transistor: Chipangizo cha semiconductor chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa kapena kusintha ma signali apakompyuta, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe osakhala a ohmic.
3. Ma LED: Chitsanzo china cha chipangizo chamagetsi chomwe chimasonyeza khalidwe losakhala la ohmic chifukwa mphamvu yamagetsi siili yofanana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.
4. Zipangizo Zopangira Ma Semiconductor: Mu zinthu monga silicon kapena germanium, kukana kumasintha kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi kutentha.
Kugwiritsa ntchito
Zipangizo zopanda ma ohmic ndizofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo wamakono. Zigawo za semiconductor monga ma diode ndi ma transistors ndizo maziko a zipangizo zamagetsi zambiri masiku ano, kuphatikizapo makompyuta, mafoni am'manja, ndi zipangizo zina zolumikizirana. Ma diode amagwiritsidwa ntchito potembenuza AC-to-DC, kuteteza dera, ndi kuwonetsa chizindikiro. Ma transistors amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zipangizo zamagetsi, ma amplifier a chizindikiro, ndi zina zambiri.
Kusanthula Kusiyana
1. Ubale pakati pa Voltage ndi Current
– Ohmic: Linear
– Osati-Ohmic: Osati mzere
2. Kutsatira Lamulo la Ohm
– Ohmik: Inde
– Osati Ohmic: Ayi
3. Zitsanzo Zonse
– Ohmic: Wotsutsa, waya wachitsulo
- Osati Ohmic: Ma Diode, ma transistors, zipangizo za semiconductor
4. Chithunzi cha V vs. I
– Ohmic: Mzere wowongoka
– Osati Ohmic: Mphepete
Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Zopinga
– Kutentha: Kukana kwa zitsulo kumawonjezeka kutentha kukakwera, pomwe kukana kwa ma semiconductor nthawi zambiri kumachepa kutentha kukakwera.
– Zipangizo: Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimakhudza ngati zinthuzo ndi za ohmic kapena ayi.
– Voltage: Mu zinthu zopanda ohmic, kusintha kwa voltage nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yamagetsi mwanjira yosakhala yolunjika.
– Mphamvu yamagetsi: Mu zinthu zina zomwe si za ohmic, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kungayambitse kusintha kwa kukana kwa zinthuzo.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa kukana kwa ohmic ndi non-ohmic ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma circuits amagetsi ndi zamagetsi ogwira ntchito bwino komanso odalirika. Kukana kwa ohmic, komwe kuli ndi mzere, kumapereka kumvetsetsa kosavuta komanso kothandiza kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zoyambira. Kumbali ina, kukana kwa non-ohmic, komwe kuli ndi mzere komanso kovuta, kumapereka kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso kothandiza muukadaulo wamakono womwe umafunikira kuwongolera kolondola komanso kosinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi.
Mu dziko lomwe likudalira kwambiri ukadaulo, kumvetsetsa bwino mitundu iwiriyi ya kukana sikuti ndi phindu lokha, komanso ndikofunikira kwa mainjiniya, asayansi, ndi akatswiri omwe akugwira ntchito yopanga zatsopano ndikukonza magawo osiyanasiyana aukadaulo. Ndi chidziwitsochi, titha kulosera bwino, kuwongolera, ndikumaliza kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde amagetsi kuti tipange dziko logwira ntchito bwino komanso lotsogola paukadaulo.
