Ma Phagocyte: Mzere Woyamba wa Chitetezo cha Thupi
Ma phagocyte ndi maselo oteteza thupi omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu chitetezo cha mthupi cha zoyamwitsa. Dzina lakuti "phagocyte" limachokera ku Chigiriki, komwe "phago" limatanthauza "kudya" ndipo "cyte" limatanthauza "selo." Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ntchito yaikulu ya ma phagocyte ndikudya kapena kudya tinthu tachilendo monga mabakiteriya, mavairasi, ndi zinyalala zina zamaselo, zomwe kenako zimawonongedwa. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mozama mitundu, njira zogwirira ntchito, ndi ntchito za ma phagocyte pa chitetezo cha thupi.
Mitundu ya Phagocytes
Ma phagocyte amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo, iliyonse ili ndi gawo lake pa chitetezo chamthupi. Nazi mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma phagocyte:
1. Ma Neutrophils: Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa ma phagocyte m'thupi, ma neutrophils ndi mzere woyamba wodzitetezera ku matenda. Ali ndi mphamvu yoyenda mwachangu kupita kumadera omwe ali ndi kachilombo kenako nkuukira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudzera mu phagocytosis.
2. Ma monocytes ndi ma Macrophages: Ma monocytes ndi maselo oyera a m'magazi omwe amayendayenda m'magazi. Akafika m'thupi lomwe limafuna chitetezo chokhazikika, amasanduka ma macrophages. Ma Macrophages ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya phagocytic ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa ma neutrophils.
3. Ma Eosinophils ndi Ma Basophils: Ngakhale kuti sagwira ntchito bwino ngati ma neutrophils mu phagocytosis, ma eosinophils ndi ma basophils amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ziwengo. Amatulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
4. Maselo a Dendritic: Kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi gawo mu phagocytosis, maselo a dendritic amagwiranso ntchito ngati maselo omwe akuwonetsa ma antigen (APCs). Amakonza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timadya ndikupereka ma antigen ku maselo a T, zomwe zimayambitsa chitetezo chamthupi chosinthika.
Njira Yogwirira Ntchito ya Phagocyte
Njira ya phagocytosis imayamba pamene phagocyte izindikira ndikugwirizanitsa ndi tinthu tachilendo. Kuzindikira kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi ma receptor omwe amazindikira mapangidwe a mamolekyu pamwamba pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe amadziwika kuti pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
1. Chemotaxis: Ma phagocyte amapita kumalo komwe kachilombo kamayambitsa matenda kapena kutupa. Njirayi imayendetsedwa ndi zizindikiro za mankhwala zomwe zimapangidwa ndi maselo owonongeka, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kapena maselo ena oteteza thupi omwe ali ndi mphamvu.
2. Kumangirira ndi Kunyamula: Akafika pamalo omwe akufuna, phagocyte imadziphatika yokha ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono kudzera m'ma receptors enaake pamwamba pake. Ma receptors awa amazindikira zigawo zinazake za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena ma opsonins (mapuloteni omwe amalemba matenda kuti ndi a phagocytosis).
3. Kutalikirana kwa Membrane ndi Kupanga Phagosome: Kenako nembanemba ya phagocyte cell idzaphimba tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikupanga kapangidwe kodziwika kuti phagosome.
4. Kusakanikirana ndi Lysosomes: Phagosome imalumikizana ndi lysosome, yomwe ili ndi ma enzymes ogaya chakudya. Kapangidwe katsopano kameneka kamadziwika kuti phagolysosome.
5. Kugaya ndi Kuwononga: Ma enzyme a Lysosomal amagawa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'zidutswa zazing'ono, motero amawawononga.
6. Exocytosis: Zotsala za tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe sitingathe kugayidwa zimatulutsidwa ndi ma phagocyte kunja kwa selo.
Udindo wa Phagocytes mu Chitetezo cha Mthupi
Ma phagocyte amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusunga homeostasis ndikuteteza thupi ku matenda. Nazi zina mwa ntchito zofunika za ma phagocyte:
– Woyankha Woyamba ku Matenda: Monga gawo la chitetezo chamthupi chobadwa nacho, ma phagocyte ndi mzere wakutsogolo womwe umayankha mwachangu ku matenda kachilombo kakalowa m'thupi.
– Kulamulira Kuyankha kwa Chitetezo cha Mthupi: Ma phagocyte samangopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso amalankhulana ndi maselo ena oteteza thupi. Amamasula ma cytokine omwe amatha kusonkhanitsa maselo ambiri oteteza thupi kumalo omwe kachilomboka kakufalikira ndikuwonjezera ntchito ya maselo ena.
– Kuwonetsa Antigen: Macrophages ndi maselo a dendritic amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pokonza ndikupereka magawo a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (antigens) ku maselo a T, omwe amayambitsa chitetezo chamthupi chosinthika.
– Kuchotsa Maselo Akufa: Kuwonjezera pa kuchotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ma phagocyte nawonso ali ndi udindo wochotsa maselo akufa kapena owonongeka m'thupi, kuonetsetsa kuti palibe kuchulukana kwa zinyalala zamaselo zomwe zingayambitse kutupa.
Phagocytes ndi Matenda
Ngakhale kuti amagwira ntchito yoteteza, nthawi zina ma phagocyte amatha kuyambitsa matenda. Zina mwa zinthu zomwe ma phagocyte angachite kuti matenda apitirire ndi monga:
– Kutupa Kosatha: Kugwira ntchito kwa phagocyte kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa minofu komwe kumabweretsa matenda osatha otupa monga nyamakazi ndi atherosclerosis.
– Kusowa kwa chitetezo chamthupi: Matenda ena monga matenda osatha a granulomatous (CGD) amakhudza kusokonekera kwa phagocyte, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu asathe kulimbana ndi matenda moyenera.
– Matenda Okhudza Kupuma: Kugwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso kwa ma macrophages m'mapapo kungayambitse matenda otupa kupuma (ARDS).
Mapeto
Ma phagocyte amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri poteteza thupi ku zoopsa zosiyanasiyana za matenda kudzera mu njira ya phagocytosis ndi machitidwe ena a chitetezo chamthupi. Pomvetsetsa ntchito ndi momwe ma phagocyte amagwirira ntchito, titha kuzindikira momwe chitetezo chamthupi chilili chovuta komanso chogwirizana. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wa ma phagocyte ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito angathandize kupanga njira yothandiza kwambiri yochiritsira matenda opatsirana komanso otupa. Ma phagocyte, ngakhale kuti ntchito yawo yogwira ndi kugaya tinthu tachilendo imawoneka yosavuta, kwenikweni amachita gawo lalikulu pazinthu zambiri zofunika kwambiri pakuyankha kwa chitetezo chamthupi.
