Mafunso ndi Zitsanzo za Dongosolo la Mitsempha ya Peripheral
Dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mimba (PNS) ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la dongosolo la mitsempha, lomwe limalumikiza dongosolo la mitsempha yapakati ndi thupi lathu lonse. Kumvetsetsa PNS n'kofunika kwambiri osati kwa ophunzira azachipatala ndi sayansi ya zamoyo okha, komanso kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa momwe thupi la munthu limagwirira ntchito. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana zitsanzo za mavuto ndi zokambirana zawo zokhudzana ndi PNS.
Chiyambi cha Dongosolo la Mitsempha ya Peripheral
Dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi limapangidwa ndi ulusi wa mitsempha womwe umachokera ku ubongo ndi msana, komanso ganglia yomwe ili kunja kwa dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha. Dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi limagawidwa m'magawo awiri akuluakulu: dongosolo la mitsempha ya somatic ndi dongosolo la mitsempha lodziyimira palokha. Dongosolo la mitsempha ya somatic limayang'anira kuyenda mwaufulu komanso kutumiza chidziwitso cha zomwe zimamva, pomwe dongosolo la mitsempha lodziyimira palokha limayang'anira ntchito za thupi zokha, monga kugunda kwa mtima ndi kugaya chakudya.
Chitsanzo Funso 1: Mitsempha Yomvera ndi Yoyendetsa
Funso: Fotokozani kusiyana pakati pa ma neuron omva ndi ma neuron oyenda m'thupi la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi.
Kukambirana:
Ma neuron ozindikira ndi ma neuron oyenda ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu dongosolo lamanjenje la m'mbali. Ma neuron ozindikira ali ndi udindo wonyamula uthenga kuchokera ku ma receptors ozindikira (monga khungu, maso, ndi makutu) kupita ku dongosolo lamanjenje lapakati. Njira imeneyi imathandiza matupi athu kuyankha ku zinthu zakunja, monga kukhudza ndi phokoso.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma neuron oyendera magetsi amatumiza mauthenga kuchokera ku dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha kupita ku zinthu monga minofu ndi ma glands. Ntchito imeneyi imalola munthu kuyankha zinthu zina, monga kusuntha dzanja lake akakhudza chinthu chotentha.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi ndi komwe mayendedwe a chidziwitso amayendera: ma neuron ozindikira amapita ku dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha pomwe ma neuron oyenda kuchokera ku dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha amapita ku ziwalo zina za thupi.
Chitsanzo Funso 2: Dongosolo la Mitsempha Lodziyimira Payokha
Funso: Tchulani zigawo ziwiri zazikulu za dongosolo la mitsempha lodziyimira palokha ndipo fotokozani ntchito zake.
Kukambirana:
Dongosolo la mitsempha lodziyimira palokha limagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: dongosolo la mitsempha logwirizana ndi sympathetic ndi dongosolo la mitsempha logwirizana ndi parasympathetic.
1. Chifundo cha Mitsempha: Gawo ili la mitsempha limakonzekeretsa thupi ku zochitika zadzidzidzi kapena zovuta, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "nkhondo kapena kuthawa". Kuchita chifundo kumawonjezera kugunda kwa mtima, kumakulitsa maso, ndikuletsa kugaya chakudya kuti lizigwira ntchito pothana ndi vuto ladzidzidzi.
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, gawoli limayang'anira "kupumula ndi kugaya," zomwe zimabwezeretsa thupi kukhala bata pambuyo poti chiwopsezocho chatha. Ntchito ya parasympathetic imachepetsa kugunda kwa mtima, imafinya maso, komanso imawonjezera ntchito yogaya chakudya.
Zigawo ziwirizi zimagwira ntchito yotsutsana kuti thupi likhale logwirizana.
Chitsanzo Funso 3: Reflex
Funso: Kodi tanthauzo la reflex arc ndi chiyani, ndipo perekani chitsanzo.
Kukambirana:
Njira ya reflex arc ndi njira ya mitsempha yomwe imalamulira kuyankha kwa reflex. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi njira za neuronal zothamanga kwambiri ndipo sizifuna kulowererapo kuchokera ku ubongo wapakati, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti reflex ingachitike yokha.
Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha reflex arc ndi patellar (bondo) reflex. Pamene tendon yomwe ili pansi pa bondo yagwidwa, zizindikiro za kumva zimatumizidwa ku msana, zomwe zimayambitsa ma neuron oyenda kuti minofu ya ntchafu igwe, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa mwendo kukwera.
Chitsanzo Funso 4: Matenda a M'thupi la Mitsempha
Funso: Fotokozani vuto limodzi la thanzi lomwe lingakhudze dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi.
Kukambirana:
Chitsanzo chimodzi cha vuto la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi ndi matenda a mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi, komwe kungayambitsidwe ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo matenda a shuga, matenda opatsirana, komanso kuvulala kwa thupi.
Zizindikiro za matenda a mitsempha ya m'mitsempha ya m'mitsempha ndi monga kumva kuwawa, dzanzi, kufooka kwa minofu, ndi kupweteka m'manja ndi m'mapazi. Kuzindikira ndi kuchiza matenda kumadalira chomwe chimayambitsa ululu ndipo kungaphatikizepo kuchepetsa ululu, chithandizo cha thupi, ndi kuthana ndi matenda ena monga matenda a shuga.
Chitsanzo Funso 5: Otumiza mauthenga a ubongo
Funso: Kodi ntchito ya ma neurotransmitters mu dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa ubongo ndi yotani, ndipo perekani chitsanzo chimodzi cha ma neurotransmitter otere?
Kukambirana:
Ma neurotransmitter ndi mamolekyu a mankhwala omwe amalola kutumiza kwa synaptic kuchokera ku neuron imodzi kupita ku ina kapena kupita ku maselo ena ofunikira. Mu dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa ubongo, ma neurotransmitter amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri polumikiza zizindikiro pakati pa mapeto a mitsempha ndi minofu yomwe ikufunidwa.
Chitsanzo cha neurotransmitter yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi ndi acetylcholine. Mu dongosolo la mitsempha ya somatic, acetylcholine imatulutsidwa kuchokera ku ma neuron oyenda kupita ku minofu ya mafupa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti minofu idumphe. Mu dongosolo la mitsempha ya parasympathetic, acetylcholine imachepetsa kugunda kwa mtima ndikuwonjezera ntchito yogaya chakudya.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi, kuphatikizapo ntchito zake ndi zigawo zake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti timvetsetse momwe thupi lathu limayankhira komanso momwe limagwirira ntchito ndi malo ake. Zitsanzo za mavuto ndi zokambirana zomwe takambiranazi zikupereka chithunzithunzi choyambira cha ntchito ya dongosolo la mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa thupi, kuyambira pa ntchito ya ma neuron ndi ma neurotransmitters mpaka matenda omwe angakhudze. Chidziwitsochi sichofunikira kokha kwa iwo omwe akufuna ntchito zachipatala komanso chothandiza kwa aliyense kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino ndikumvetsetsa momwe thupi limayankhira ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
