Mafunso ndi Zitsanzo za Ma Compounds a Zachilengedwe Opangidwa ndi Unyolo wa Kaboni
Ma organic compounds ndi gulu lalikulu la ma chemical compounds okhala ndi carbon kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zina, makamaka hydrogen, oxygen, nayitrogeni, sulfure, ndi halogens. Chimodzi mwa zinthu za organic compounds ndi kupezeka kwa ma carbon chains, omwe amatha kupanga mapangidwe osiyanasiyana monga ma straight chains, branches, kapena rings. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto okhudzana ndi ma organic compounds opangidwa ndi ma carbon chains, ndi mafotokozedwe.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 1
Funso:
Benzene ndi imodzi mwa mankhwala odziwika bwino a aromatic ndipo imakhala ndi maatomu asanu ndi limodzi a carbon omwe amapanga mphete. Tchulani kapangidwe ka Lewis ka benzene ndipo fotokozani kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kameneka.
Kukambirana:
Benzene ili ndi formula ya molekyulu C6H6. Kapangidwe kake ka Lewis kamawonetsedwa ngati maatomu asanu ndi limodzi a kaboni omwe amapanga hexagon, ndipo atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imalumikizidwa ku atomu imodzi ya hydrogen. Atomu iliyonse ya kaboni ili ndi ma bond awiri osinthika ndi ma bond amodzi.
Chithunzi chotsatirachi cha kapangidwe ka Lewis ka benzene ndi ichi:
``
HH
\ /
C = C
/ \
CC
| |
CC
\ /
CC
| |
HH
``
Kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe ka benzene kumafotokozedwa ndi lingaliro la resonance, momwe malo a ma bond awiri ndi amodzi amasinthasintha mu kapangidwe komwe kwenikweni ndi kosakanikirana kwa ma resonance angapo. Resonance iyi imapangitsa kuti ma electron a π asinthe m'mbali yonse ya mphete, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti molekyulu ya benzene ikhale yolimba kwambiri.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 2
Funso:
Dziwani dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa: CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3.
Kukambirana:
Chosakanizacho ndi unyolo wowongoka wa kaboni wokhala ndi nthambi imodzi. Gawo loyamba ndikupeza unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni wokhala ndi maatomu asanu a kaboni, ndikuupatsa dzina lakuti pentane ngati maziko.
Kenako, nthambi yomwe ili mu mawonekedwe a gulu la methyl (-CH3) ili pa kaboni wachitatu kuchokera kumapeto onse awiri, kotero timapereka malo nambala 3 a nthambi iyi.
Kotero, dzina la IUPAC la chigawocho ndi 3-methylpentane.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 3
Funso:
Werengani chiwerengero cha ma isomers omangira a alkane pogwiritsa ntchito formula ya molekyulu C5H12.
Kukambirana:
Ma alkanes okhala ndi maatomu asanu a kaboni (pentane) ali ndi ma isomers angapo omangira:
1. Pentane (n-pentane):
``
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
``
2. 2-methylbutane (isopentane):
``
CH3
|
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3
``
3. 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane):
``
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH3
|
CH3
``
Popeza palibenso mapangidwe ena osiyana okhala ndi maatomu a kaboni ofanana popanda kusintha ndondomeko ya unyolo wa kaboni kapena malo a gulu la methyl, tili ndi ma isomer atatu okha a C5H12.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 4
Funso:
Jambulani kapangidwe ka ethanol (C2H5OH) ndipo fotokozani makhalidwe ake ofunikira a thupi ndi mankhwala.
Kukambirana:
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a ethanol ndi motere:
``
HH
\ |
HCC-OH
| |
HH
``
Kapangidwe ka ethanol mthupi:
1. Ethanol ndi madzi oyera bwino, opanda mtundu komanso onunkhira bwino.
2. Kutentha kwake ndi 78.37°C ndipo kutentha kwake ndi -114.1°C.
3. Chitsime chimasungunuka m'madzi chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupanga ma hydrogen bond ndi mamolekyu amadzi.
Mankhwala a ethanol:
1. Ethanol imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi ma carboxylic acid kuti ipange ma esters.
2. Ethanol imathanso kusinthidwa kukhala acetaldehyde kenako kukhala acetic acid.
3. Ethanol imatha kuyaka mumlengalenga, ndipo lawi la buluu silikuwoneka bwino.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 5
Funso:
Dziwani kasinthidwe ka R/S ka kaboni wa chiral mu molekyulu ya lactic acid, yomwe ili ndi fomula ya molekyulu ya CH3-CH(OH)-COOH.
Kukambirana:
Masitepe okhazikitsa kasinthidwe ka R/S:
1. Dziwani maatomu a kaboni a chiral (stereoisomers) mu molekyulu. Ma kaboni a chiral mu lactic acid ndi maatomu a kaboni ogwirizana ndi magulu a -OH, -COOH, -CH3, ndi -H.
2. Perekani zinthu zofunika kwambiri kutengera nambala ya atomiki (malamulo a Cahn-Ingold-Prelog): -OH (priority 1), -COOH (priority 2), -CH3 (priority 3), ndi -H (priority 4).
3. Lozani gulu lomwe lili ndi chizindikiro chotsika kwambiri (-H) kumbuyo.
4. Yang'anani ndondomeko kuyambira 1 mpaka 3. Ngati motsatira wotchi, kasinthidwe ndi S; ngati motsatira wotchi, kasinthidwe ndi R.
Chifukwa chake, lactic acid imapezeka m'thupi.
– Chofunika Kwambiri: -OH (1), -COOH (2), -CH3 (3)
- Dongosolo kuyambira 1 mpaka 3 limayenda mozungulira wotchi, kotero kasinthidwe ndi R.
Chifukwa chake, lactic acid ili ndi mawonekedwe a R pa chiral carbon yake.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ndi mayina a mankhwala a organic, makamaka omwe amapangidwa ndi unyolo wa carbon, ndikofunikira kwambiri mu organic chemistry. Nkhaniyi ikupereka zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto ndi zokambirana, zomwe zikuphatikizapo mapangidwe a resonance, mayina a IUPAC, isomerization, ndi stereoisomer configurations. Tikukhulupirira kuti kukambiranaku kungathandize owerenga kumvetsetsa bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zofunika mu organic chemistry.
