Mafunso a Zitsanzo ndi Kukambirana za Kugawa kwa Hydrocarbon
Ma hydrocarbon ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu za kaboni (C) ndi hydrogen (H). Zinthuzi zimatha kusiyanitsidwa kutengera kapangidwe kake ndi mitundu ya ma bond omwe ali nawo. Kawirikawiri, ma hydrocarbon amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: ma hydrocarbon a aliphatic ndi ma hydrocarbon aromatic. Nkhaniyi ikambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto ndi zokambirana zawo zokhudzana ndi kugawa ma hydrocarbon.
1. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Ma hydrocarbon a Aliphatic ndi ma hydrocarbon omwe alibe mphete za benzene kapena mphete zina zonunkhira. Ma hydrocarbon a Aliphatic okha akhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu:
a. Alkan
Ma alkanes ndi ma hydrocarbon odzaza omwe ali ndi ma bond amodzi pakati pa maatomu a kaboni. Fomula yonse ya ma alkanes ndi CnH2n+2.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 1:
Lembani fomula ya mankhwala ndi dzina la alkane yokhala ndi maatomu 5 a kaboni.
Kukambirana:
Pa alkane yokhala ndi maatomu 5 a kaboni (n=5), fomula ya mankhwala ndi C5H12. Pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo a mayina a IUPAC, chigawochi chimatchedwa Pentane.
b. Alken
Ma alkenes ndi ma hydrocarbon osakhuta omwe ali ndi ma bond awiri kapena angapo (C=C) pakati pa maatomu a kaboni. Fomula yawo yonse ndi CnH2n.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 2:
Lembani fomula ya mankhwala ndi dzina la alkene yokhala ndi maatomu atatu a kaboni.
Kukambirana:
Pa alkene yokhala ndi maatomu atatu a kaboni (n=3), fomula ya mankhwala ndi C3H6. Chosakaniza ichi chimadziwika kuti propene.
c. Alkynes
Ma alkynes ndi ma hydrocarbon osakhuta omwe ali ndi ma bond atatu kapena angapo (C≡C) pakati pa maatomu a kaboni. Fomula yawo yonse ndi CnH2n-2.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 3:
Lembani fomula ya mankhwala ndi dzina la alkyne yokhala ndi maatomu anayi a kaboni.
Kukambirana:
Pa alkyne yokhala ndi maatomu anayi a kaboni (n=4), fomula ya mankhwala ndi C4H6. Chosakaniza ichi chimadziwika kuti Butyne.
2. Ma Hydrocarbon Onunkhira
Ma hydrocarbon onunkhira ndi ma hydrocarbon omwe ali ndi mphete imodzi kapena zingapo za benzene m'mapangidwe awo. Benzene ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu organic chemistry ndipo ili ndi formula ya mankhwala C6H6.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 4:
Fotokozani chifukwa chake benzene ili m'gulu la aromatic hydrocarbon ndipo perekani zitsanzo zina.
Kukambirana:
Benzene imagawidwa ngati hydrocarbon yonunkhira chifukwa ili ndi kapangidwe ka mphete kosavuta komanso kokhazikika, ndi ma bond a π omwe amagawidwa mofanana mozungulira mphete ya kaboni. Izi zimapangitsa benzene kukhala yolimba kwambiri kuposa ma hydrocarbon a aliphatic. Zitsanzo za ma hydrocarbon onunkhira kupatula benzene ndi monga toluene (methylbenzene), xylene (dimethylbenzene), ndi naphthalene (mphete ziwiri za benzene zolumikizidwa pamodzi).
3. Ma Isomer ndi ma Stereoisomer
Ma isomer ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi njira yofanana ya ma molekyulu koma kapangidwe kake kosiyana. Ma stereoisomer ndi mtundu wa isomer momwe ma atomu mu molekyulu amakonzedwa mofanana koma amasiyana mu mawonekedwe atatu.
a. Ma Isomers a Kapangidwe
Ma isomer opangidwa ndi kapangidwe kake ndi ma isomer omwe amasiyana momwe maatomu awo amakhazikidwira mu unyolo kapena mphete za kaboni.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 5:
Perekani ma isomer awiri a kapangidwe ka C4H10.
Kukambirana:
Ma isomers awiri a C4H10 ndi awa:
1. n-Butane (unyolo wowongoka): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Isobutane (unyolo wolumikizidwa ndi nthambi): (CH3)2CH-CH3
b. Ma Stereoisomers a Geometric
Geometric stereoisomerism (cis-trans isomerism) imapezeka mu alkenes kapena compounds yokhala ndi ma bond awiri omwe sazungulira momasuka.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 6:
Perekani chitsanzo cha stereoisomer ya geometric ya 2-butene.
Kukambirana:
Pa 2-butene (C4H8), pali stereoisomers ziwiri:
1. cis-2-butene, komwe maatomu awiri a haidrojeni ali mbali imodzi ya mgwirizano wawiri.
2. trans-2-butene, komwe maatomu awiri a haidrojeni ali mbali zosiyana za mgwirizano wawiri.
4. Ma Cyclo-Hydrocarbon
Ma cyclo-hydrocarbon ndi ma hydrocarbon omwe amapanga kapangidwe ka mphete popanda zowonjezera zina ziwiri kupatula zomwe zimafunikira kuti mpheteyo ipangidwe.
a. Cycloalkane
Ma cycloalkanes ndi ma hydrocarbon odzaza omwe ali ndi formula ya CnH2n.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 7:
Lembani fomula ya mankhwala ndi dzina la cycloalkane yokhala ndi maatomu 6 a kaboni.
Kukambirana:
Pa cycloalkane yokhala ndi maatomu 6 a kaboni (n=6), fomula ya mankhwala ndi C6H12. Chosakaniza ichi chimadziwika kuti cyclohexane.
b. Ma Cycloalkenes
Ma cycloalkenes ndi ma hydrocarbon osakwanira okhala ndi ma bond awiri mu mphete.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 8:
Lembani fomula ya mankhwala ndi dzina la cycloalkene yokhala ndi maatomu 5 a kaboni.
Kukambirana:
Pa cycloalkene yokhala ndi maatomu 5 a kaboni (n=5), fomula ya mankhwala ndi C5H8. Chosakaniza ichi chimadziwika kuti cyclopentene.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa kugawa kwa ma hydrocarbon ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma isomers ndikofunikira kwambiri pa chemistry yachilengedwe. Ma hydrocarbon amatha kugawidwa m'magulu a aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) ndi aromatic hydrocarbons. Kuphatikiza apo, lingaliro la isomerism, zonse ziwiri structural ndi stereoisomerism, ndilofunikira kwambiri pomvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya organic. Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo ndi zokambirana zomwe zaperekedwa, tikuyembekeza kuti kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa nkhaniyi kudzawonekera.
Tikamvetsetsa bwino magulu ndi makhalidwe a mtundu uliwonse wa hydrocarbon, titha kumvetsetsa bwino momwe mankhwala awa amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku komanso m'makampani opanga mankhwala.
