Zitsanzo za Mafunso Okhudza Kusungunuka ndi Kusungunuka kwa Zinthu
Kusungunuka ndi mankhwala osungunuka (Ksp) ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu chemistry zokhudzana ndi mayankho okhuta ndi kusungunuka kwa chinthu mu yankho. Kumvetsetsa nkhaniyi kungatithandize kuneneratu momwe mchere udzasungunukire mu yankho ndi momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudzira kusungunukako. Nkhaniyi ikambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto ndi mayankho awo okhudzana ndi kusungunuka ndi Ksp.
Mfundo Zoyambira
Kusungunuka (S) ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa chinthu chomwe chingasungunuke mu chosungunulira kuti chipange yankho lokhuta pa kutentha kotsimikizika. Kawirikawiri, kusungunuka kumafotokozedwa mu mayunitsi a molarity (mol/L).
Solubility Product (Ksp) ndi chinthu chokhazikika chomwe chimagawa ma electrolyte omwe amasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi. Ksp imapereka chidziwitso chokhudza momwe mchere umasungunuka m'madzi ndipo ndi chinthu chomwe chimachokera ku kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni mu yankho lodzaza, lililonse likukwera ku mphamvu ya stoichiometric coefficient yake.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati tili ndi mchere wa AxBy womwe umagawanika kukhala ma ayoni motsatira equation:
\[ \zolemba{AxBy (s)} \rightleftharpoons xA^{n+} (aq) + yB^{m-} (aq) \]
Kotero, Ksp ikhoza kulembedwa motere:
\[ \text{Ksp} = [A^{n+}]^x [B^{m-}]^y \]
Mafunso ndi Zokambirana za Zitsanzo
Chitsanzo cha Funso 1
Funso:
Werengerani kusungunuka kwa \(AgCl\) (Ksp = \(1.8 \times 10^{-10}\)) m'madzi oyera.
Kukambirana:
Ksp \(AgCl\) = 1.8 x \(10^{-10}\) mol²/L²
Kusokonezeka kwa diso:
\[AgCl (s) \rightleftharpoons Ag^+ (aq) + Cl^- (aq)\]
Tiyerekeze kuti kusungunuka kwa \(AgCl\) ndi S mol/L. Kenako, kuchuluka kwa \(Ag^+\) ndi \(Cl^-\) mu yankho lodzaza chilichonse chidzakhala chofanana ndi S mol/L.
Chiyerekezo cha Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ag^+][Cl^-]\]
M'malo mwa mtengo wa S:
\[1.8 \nthawi 10^{-10} = S \nthawi S\]
\[S^2 = 1.8 \nthawi 10^{-10}\]
\[S = \sqrt{1.8 \times 10^{-10}} \]
\[S = 1.34 \nthawi 10^{-5} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Kotero, kusungunuka kwa \(AgCl\) m'madzi oyera ndi \(1.34 \times 10^{-5}\) mol/L.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 2
Funso:
Kodi kusungunuka kwa \(CaF_2\) (Ksp = \(3.9 \times 10^{-11}\)) m'madzi oyera ndi kotani?
Kukambirana:
Kusokonezeka kwa diso:
\[CaF_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} (aq) + 2F^- (aq)\]
Tiyerekeze kuti kusungunuka kwa \(CaF_2\) ndi S mol/L. Kenako, kuchuluka kwa \(Ca^{2+}\) mu yankho lodzaza ndi S mol/L ndipo kuchuluka kwa \(F^-\) ndi 2S mol/L.
Chiyerekezo cha Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2\]
M'malo mwa mtengo wa S:
\[3.9 \nthawi 10^{-11} = S \nthawi (2S)^2\]
\[3.9 \nthawi 10^{-11} = S \nthawi 4S^2\]
\[3.9 \nthawi 10^{-11} = 4S^3\]
\[S^3 = \frac{3.9 \nthawi 10^{-11}}{4}\]
\[S^3 = 9.75 \nthawi 10^{-12}\]
\[S = \sqrt[3]{9.75 \nthawi 10^{-12}}\]
\[S \pafupifupi 2.1 \nthawi 10^{-4} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Kotero, kusungunuka kwa \(CaF_2\) m'madzi oyera ndi \(2.1 \times 10^{-4}\) mol/L.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 3
Funso:
Kodi kusungunuka kwa \(PbCl_2\) (Ksp = \(1.7 \times 10^{-5}\)) mu yankho la \(0.1\) M \(HCl\) ndi kotani?
Kukambirana:
Kusokonezeka kwa diso:
\[PbCl_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Pb^{2+} (aq) + 2Cl^- (aq)\]
Tiyerekeze kuti kusungunuka kwa \(PbCl_2\) ndi S mol/L. Kenako, kuchuluka kwa \(Pb^{2+}\) mu yankho lodzaza ndi S mol/L ndipo kuchuluka kowonjezera kwa \(Cl^-\) kuchokera ku kugawanika kwa \(PbCl_2\) ndi 2S mol/L.
Komabe, palinso \(Cl^-\) kuchokera ku \(HCl\) yomwe ilipo kale mpaka 0.1 M.
Chiyerekezo cha Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Pb^{2+}][Cl^-]^2\]
M'malo mwa ma values a S ndi \(Cl^-\):
\[1.7 \nthawi 10^{-5} = S \nthawi (0.1 + 2S)^2\]
Popeza 0.1 M \(Cl^-\) ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa 2S, \(0.1 + 2S \pafupifupi 0.1\).
Kotero kuwerengera kumakhala kosavuta:
\[1.7 \nthawi 10^{-5} = S \nthawi (0.1)^2\]
\[1.7 \nthawi 10^{-5} = S \nthawi 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.7 \times 10^{-5}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.7 \nthawi 10^{-3} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Kotero, kusungunuka kwa \(PbCl_2\) mu \(0.1\) M \(HCl\) ndi \(1.7 \times 10^{-3}\) mol/L.
Chitsanzo cha Funso 4
Funso:
Werengerani kusungunuka kwa \(BaSO_4\) (Ksp = \(1.1 \times 10^{-10}\)) mu yankho lomwe lili ndi \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\).
Kukambirana:
Kusokonezeka kwa diso:
\[BaSO_4 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ba^{2+} (aq) + SO_4^{2-} (aq)\]
Tiyerekeze kuti kusungunuka kwa \(BaSO_4\) ndi S mol/L. Kenako, kuchuluka kwa \(Ba^{2+}\) mu yankho lodzaza ndi S mol/L ndipo kuchuluka kwa \(SO_4^{2-}\) kwa \(BaSO_4\) ndi S mol/L. Komabe, pali \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) ya \(Na_2SO_4\).
Chiyerekezo cha Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ba^{2+}][SO_4^{2-}]\]
M'malo mwa ma values a S ndi \(SO_4^{2-}\):
\[1.1 \nthawi 10^{-10} = S \nthawi (0.01 + S)\]
Popeza \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa S, \(0.01 + S \pafupifupi 0.01\).
Kotero kuwerengera kumakhala kosavuta:
\[1.1 \nthawi 10^{-10} = S \nthawi 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.1 \times 10^{-10}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.1 \nthawi 10^{-8} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Motero, kusungunuka kwa \(BaSO_4\) mu yankho lomwe lili ndi \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\) ndi \(1.1 \times 10^{-8}\) mol/L.
Mapeto
Kudzera mu zitsanzo zomwe zili pamwambapa, titha kuwona momwe malingaliro a kusungunuka ndi chinthu chosungunuka (Ksp) amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusanthula mankhwala, makamaka pamene tikufuna kudziwa kusungunuka kwa mchere winawake m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, monga mu solvent yoyera kapena pamaso pa ion wamba. Kutha kuthetsa mavutowa kumatithandiza pa ntchito zambiri zothandiza, kuphatikizapo mankhwala, chemistry ya chilengedwe, ndi kuyeretsa zipangizo.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kusungunuka kwa mchere sikudalira kokha pa Ksp value, komanso kungakhudzidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni ena mu yankho, kutentha, ndi pH ya chilengedwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambira za chemistry ndi simple calculus, titha kulosera ndikuwongolera zochitika za kusungunuka m'machitidwe osiyanasiyana a mankhwala.
