Zitsanzo za Mafunso Okhudza Kukana kwa Ohmic ndi Osati Ohmic
Pendauluan
Kukana mu ma circuits amagetsi ndi lingaliro lofunikira kwambiri pomvetsetsa zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi. Kukana kumatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yomwe idzadutsa mu gawo lamagetsi pamene magetsi agwiritsidwa ntchito. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya kukana yomwe imadziwika mu fizikisi: kukana kwa ohmic ndi kukana kosakhala kwa ohmic. Nkhaniyi ipereka kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mitundu yonse iwiri ya kukana, pamodzi ndi zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto ndi zokambirana kuti mumvetsetse bwino.
Kukana kwa Ohmic
Kukana kwa Ohmic ndi kukana komwe kumatsatira lamulo la Ohm, lomwe limati mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda kudzera mu kondakitala pakati pa mfundo ziwiri imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa mfundo ziwirizo. Mwa masamu, lamuloli lingalembedwe motere:
"` masamu
V = IR
``
Kumene:
- V ndi mphamvu yamagetsi (Volts)
– Ine ndiye mphamvu yamagetsi (Ampere)
- R ndi kukana (Ohm)
Zigawo zomwe zili ndi kukana kwa ohmic nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi graph ya ubale pakati pa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi magetsi mu mawonekedwe a mzere wowongoka.
Mafunso a Chitsanzo cha Kukana kwa Ohmic
Funso 1: Chotsutsa chokhala ndi kukana kwa 10 Ohms chimalumikizidwa ku voltage ya 5 Volts. Werengani mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda kudzera mu chotsutsa.
Kukambirana:
Kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Ohm:
\[ V = IR \]
Ndizodziwika kuti:
– V = 5 Volt
– R = 10 Ohm
Kotero:
\[ I = \frac{V}{R} = \frac{5}{10} = 0,5 \, \text{Ampere} \]
Kotero, mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda kudzera mu resistor ndi 0,5 Amperes.
Chitsanzo Funso 2 Kukana kwa Ohmic mu Ma Circuits Ofanana
Funso 2: Ma resistors awiri, aliwonse okhala ndi resistance ya 4 Ohms ndi 6 Ohms, amalumikizidwa motsatizana kenako amalumikizidwa ku gwero la voltage ya 12 Volt. Werengani mphamvu yonse yomwe ikuyenda mu circuit.
Kukambirana:
Mu dera lofanana, mphamvu yamagetsi pa resistor iliyonse ndi yofanana:
– V = 12 Volt
Kuti tipeze mphamvu yonse, choyamba tiyenera kupeza mphamvu mu resistor iliyonse pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Ohm, kenako tiziiwonjezera pamodzi.
1. Mphamvu yotsutsa ya 4 Ohm:
\[ I_1 = \frac{V}{R_1} = \frac{12}{4} = 3 \, \text{Ampere} \]
2. Mphamvu yotsutsa ya 6 Ohm:
\[ I_2 = \frac{V}{R_2} = \frac{12}{6} = 2 \, \text{Ampere} \]
Mphamvu yonse mu dera ndi:
\[ Ine_{total} = Ine_1 + Ine_2 = 3 + 2 = 5 \, \text{Ampere} \]
Kotero, mphamvu yonse yomwe ikuyenda mu dera ndi 5 Amperes.
Kukana Kopanda Ohmic
Kukana kosakhala kwa ohmic ndi kukana komwe sikumvera lamulo la Ohm. Mu zigawo zomwe zili ndi kukana kosakhala kwa ohmic, ubale pakati pa voltage ndi current si wolunjika ndipo ungadalire zinthu zina zingapo monga kutentha, ma frequency, kapena mphamvu yamagetsi. Zitsanzo zina ndi nyali za incandescent, ma diode, ndi ma transistors.
Mafunso Omwe Si Otsutsana ndi Ohmic
Funso 3: Diode yoyenera imalumikizidwa ndi voltage ya kutsogolo ya 0.7 Volts. Ngati kukana kwa diode yoyenera kumaonedwa kuti ndi kochepa kwambiri, ndi mphamvu iti yomwe idzayenda voltage iyi ikagwiritsidwa ntchito?
Kukambirana:
Mu diode yoyenera, ikakhala yolunjika kutsogolo, diode imalola magetsi kuyenda popanda kukana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuyenda kwa magetsi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukana kwake, komwe kuli pafupifupi zero. Mu mkhalidwe woyenera, kukana kumeneku ndi kochepa kwambiri kotero kuti magetsi amangolekeredwa ndi mphamvu ya gwero la magetsi.
Popeza diode ndi yabwino kwambiri, mphamvu yamagetsi imatha kukhala yayikulu kwambiri, kuyandikira mphamvu ya gwero lamagetsi ndi dera logwirizana nalo. Komabe, muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zenizeni, kukana kwa ma circuit ena ndi malire a mphamvu ya gwero lamagetsi zidzatsimikizira mphamvu yeniyeniyo moyenera.
Ngati gwero la magetsi lingapereke mphamvu yamagetsi yopanda malire, ndiye kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati yayikulu kwambiri koma kwenikweni siili bwino popanda kudziwa malire a mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu ya gwero.
Chitsanzo Funso 4: Kukana Kopanda Ohmic mu Nyali za Incandescent
Funso 4: Nyali yoyatsira magetsi ili ndi mphamvu zosagwiritsa ntchito magetsi (non-ohmic) yokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya 220 Volts komanso mphamvu yamagetsi ya 100 Watts. Werengani kukana kwa nyali pamene nyali ikuyaka malinga ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.
Kukambirana:
Ndizodziwika kuti:
– V = 220 Volt
– P = 100 Watt
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yamagetsi,
\[ P = VI \]
Kotero mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda:
\[ I = \frac{P}{V} = \frac{100}{220} \pafupifupi 0.455 \, \text{Ampere} \]
Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Ohm,
\[ R = \frac{V}{I} = \frac{220}{0.455} \pafupifupi 484 \, \text{Ohm} \]
Kotero, kukana kwa nyali ya incandescent ikayatsidwa ndi mphamvu ndi voteji yodziwika bwino ndi pafupifupi 484 Ohms.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa kukana kwa ohmic ndi non-ohmic ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusanthula kwa magetsi. Kukana kwa ohmic kumatsatira lamulo la Ohm, ndi ubale wolunjika pakati pa magetsi ndi magetsi, pomwe kukana kwa ohmic sikolunjika ndipo kungakhudzidwe ndi zinthu zina zingapo. Ndi zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana ndi zokambirana zomwe zaperekedwa pamwambapa, titha kumvetsetsa bwino momwe mitundu iwiriyi ya kukana imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe tingawerengere magetsi, magetsi, ndi kukana mu magetsi.
Kudziwa za kukana kwa ohmic ndi non-ohmic n'kothandiza kwambiri, makamaka kwa iwo omwe amagwira ntchito zamagetsi kapena zamagetsi, chifukwa kumathandiza kupanga ndi kusanthula ma circuits moyenera komanso moyenera.
