Zitsanzo za Mafunso pa Kukambirana za Kuwala Kooneka
Pendauluan
Kuwala kooneka ndi gawo la maginito amagetsi omwe amaonekera ndi maso a munthu. Kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala kooneka ndi pafupifupi ma nanometer 380 mpaka 740. Kuwala kumeneku kumakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ingalekanitsidwe kudzera mu refraction kapena diffraction. Chochitika ichi nthawi zambiri chimaphunziridwa mu fizikisi, makamaka mu chaputala chokhudza kuwala.
Kuwala ndi mtundu wa mphamvu wofunikira pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso mutu wofunikira pamavuto osiyanasiyana a sayansi. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto ndi momwe tingawathetsere okhudzana ndi kuwala kooneka.
Mafunso ndi Kukambirana Zitsanzo
Funso 1: Sipekitiramu Yoyera Yowala
Prism yagalasi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa kuwala koyera m'mitundu yake. Lembani mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imachokera ku refraction ya kuwala koyera kudzera mu prism, kuyambira kutalika kwa kutalika kwa mafunde afupi kwambiri mpaka kutalika kwambiri.
Kukambirana:
Kuwala koyera kumapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi mafunde osiyanasiyana. Kuwala koyera kukadutsa mu prism, gawo lililonse la mtundu limapindika pa ngodya yosiyana kutengera kutalika kwa mafunde ake. Dongosolo la mitundu kuyambira kutalika kwa mafunde afupi kwambiri mpaka kutalika kwambiri ndi:
1. Pepo
2. Buluu
3. Zobiriwira
4. Wachikasu
5. Lalanje
6. Chofiira
Wofiirira uli ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri (~380 nm) ndipo umapotoka kwambiri, pomwe wofiira uli ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri (~700 nm) ndipo umapotoka pang'ono kwambiri.
Funso 2: Chizindikiro Chowunikira
Kuwala kokhala ndi mafunde a 600 nm kumakhala m'madzi okhala ndi chizindikiro cha refractive cha \(n\). Kuwalako kumalowa m'madzi ena, omwe ndi galasi lokhala ndi chizindikiro cha refractive cha 1,5. Werengani ngodya ya refraction ngati ngodya ya incidence m'madzi ndi madigiri 30. Chizindikiro cha refractive cha madzi ndi 1,33.
Kukambirana:
Gwiritsani ntchito lamulo la Snell, lomwe limati:
\[ n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2 \]
Zoperekedwa:
– Chizindikiro cha madzi chowunikira, \( n_1 = 1,33 \)
– Chizindikiro cha galasi chowunikira, \( n_2 = 1,5 \)
– Ngodya ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu m'madzi, \( \theta_1 = 30^\circ \)
Kotero:
\[ 1,33 \tchimo 30^\circ = 1,5 \tchimo \theta_2 \]
Popeza \(\sin 30^\circ = 0,5\), lowetsani mu equation:
\[ 1,33 \nthawi 0,5 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ 0,665 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = \frac{0,665}{1,5} \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = 0,4433 \]
Pezani ngodya ya refraction \( \theta_2 \):
\[ \theta_2 = \sin^{-1}(0,4433) \pafupifupi 26,4^\circ \]
Kotero, ngodya ya refraction mu galasi \( \theta_2 \) ndi pafupifupi madigiri 26,4.
Funso 3: Kusokoneza kwa Kuwala
Mipata iwiri yopapatiza yofanana, yolekanitsidwa ndi mtunda \(d = 0,1\) mm, imaunikiridwa ndi kuwala kwa monochromatic komwe kumasinthasintha kwa mafunde a \(\lambda = 500\) nm. Kuwalako kumapanga mawonekedwe osokoneza pazenera lomwe lili pamtunda wa mamita awiri kuchokera ku mipata. Werengani mtunda pakati pa mizere iwiri yowala motsatizana pazenera.
Kukambirana:
Gwiritsani ntchito equation iyi pa mtunda pakati pa mizere iwiri yowala motsatizana mu mawonekedwe a kusokonezana kwa magawo awiri:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{\lambda L}{d} \]
Zoperekedwa:
– Kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala, \( \lambda = 500 \times 10^{-9} \) mamita
– Mtunda kuchokera pa mpata kupita ku sikirini, \( L = 2 \) mamita
– Mtunda pakati pa mipata iwiri, \( d = 0,1 \times 10^{-3} \) mamita
M'malo mwa mfundo izi:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{500 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 2 \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9}}{10^{-4}} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-5 + 4} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-1} \]
\[ \Delta y = 0,01 \malemba{m} \]
Kotero, mtunda pakati pa mizere iwiri yowala motsatizana pazenera ndi 0,01 mita kapena 1 cm.
Funso 4: Kusinthasintha kwa Kuwala
Kuwala kokhala ndi kutalika kwa mafunde kwa \( \lambda = 600 \) nm kumadutsa mu mpata umodzi wokhala ndi m'lifupi mwa \(a = 0,02 \) mm. Kapangidwe ka diffraction komwe kamachokera kamajambulidwa pa sikirini mamita atatu kuchokera pa mpata. Werengani m'lifupi mwa mzere woyamba wakuda kuchokera pakati pa kachitidwe ka diffraction.
Kukambirana:
Gwiritsani ntchito equation ya m'lifupi mwa mzere woyamba wakuda (kapangidwe ka diffraction kamodzi):
\[ y = \frac{m \lambda L}{a} \]
Pa gulu loyamba lakuda, \( m = 1 \):
\[ y = \frac{1 \times 600 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
Kusintha mfundo:
\[ y = \frac{600 \nthawi 10^{-9} \text{ m} \nthawi 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \nthawi 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800 \nthawi 10^{-9} \malemba{ m}}{0,02 \nthawi 10^{-3} \malemba{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \nthawi 10^{-6} \malemba{ m} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \nthawi 10^{-6} \malemba{ m} \]
\[ y = 90000 \nthawi 10^{-6} \malemba{ m} \]
\[ y = 0,09 \malemba{ m} \]
Kotero, m'lifupi mwa mzere woyamba wakuda kuchokera pakati pa mawonekedwe a diffraction ndi mamita 0,09 kapena 9 cm.
Mapeto
Kuwala kooneka ndi gawo la maginito amagetsi omwe maso a munthu amawaona ndipo ndikofunikira kwambiri pa zochitika za kuwala monga kusinthasintha, kusokoneza, ndi kufalikira kwa kuwala. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira ndikutha kuthetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi zochitika izi ndikofunikira kwa ophunzira ndi ofufuza. Munkhaniyi, tawunikiranso mavuto angapo a zitsanzo, okhala ndi kufotokozera, kuti atithandize kumvetsetsa momwe kuwala kooneka kumagwirira ntchito ndi sing'anga ndikupanga zochitika zosiyanasiyana za kuwala. Tikamvetsetsa bwino, titha kufufuza momwe kuwala kooneka kumagwirira ntchito mu sayansi ndi ukadaulo.
