Zitsanzo za Mafunso Okhudza Ma Compounds Ofunika Kwambiri a Zachilengedwe ndi Ubwino Wake
Pendauluan
Mankhwala achilengedwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chemistry ya moyo. Mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi carbon mu kapangidwe ka mamolekyu awo ndipo amachita ntchito zofunika kwambiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamoyo. Nkhaniyi ikambirana za mankhwala angapo ofunikira achilengedwe, okhala ndi zitsanzo za mavuto ndi zokambirana kuti amvetse bwino ubwino wawo.
Ma organic compounds ofunikira
1. Chakudya
Tanthauzo ndi Ntchito
Chakudya ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi kaboni, haidrojeni, ndi mpweya, nthawi zambiri zimakhala mu chiŵerengero cha 2:1. Zimagwira ntchito ngati gwero lalikulu la mphamvu m'thupi. Zitsanzo za chakudya ndi shuga, fructose, ndi sucrose.
Chitsanzo cha mavuto
Funso:
Werengani kuchuluka kwa ATP komwe kumapangidwa kuchokera ku kagayidwe ka shuga m'maselo kudzera mu kupuma kwathunthu.
Kukambirana:
Kupuma kwa maselo kumakhala ndi:
– Glycolysis: imapanga 2 ATP.
– Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): molekyulu iliyonse ya shuga imapanga 2 ATP kudzera m'magawo awiri.
– Unyolo Woyendera Ma Electron ndi Oxidative Phosphorylation: zimapanga pafupifupi 34 ATP.
Kupanga konse kwa ATP kuchokera ku molekyulu imodzi ya shuga ndi:
2 (Glycolysis) + 2 (Krebs Cycle) + 34 (Electron Transport Chain) = 38 ATP.
Komabe, chifukwa njira yotumizira NADH kuchokera ku cytoplasm kupita ku mitochondria imafuna mphamvu, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 36 ATP yokha ndi yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku molekyulu imodzi ya shuga.
2. Mafuta
Tanthauzo ndi Ntchito
Mafuta a m'thupi amaphatikizapo mafuta, mafuta, ma phospholipid, ndi ma steroid. Amagwira ntchito ngati malo osungira mphamvu, zigawo za kapangidwe ka maselo, ndi zizindikiro za mahomoni.
Chitsanzo cha mavuto
Funso:
Kodi mphamvu yochuluka bwanji imatulutsidwa kuchokera ku okosijeni wa molekyulu imodzi ya stearic acid (C18H36O2) mu kupuma kwa ma cell?
Kukambirana:
Mafuta a m'thupi amapanga mphamvu zambiri kuposa chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, kusungunuka kwa molekyulu imodzi ya stearic acid kudzera mu β-oxidation ndi Krebs cycle kumapanga ATP yambiri:
– Molekyulu iliyonse ya stearic acid imapanga mamolekyulu 9 a acetyl-CoA.
– Acetyl-CoA iliyonse imapanga 10 ATP mu Krebs cycle.
– ATP yonse yochokera ku okosijeni yonse ya stearic acid ndi pafupifupi 120 ATP.
3. Mapuloteni
Tanthauzo ndi Ntchito
Mapuloteni amapangidwa ndi ma amino acid omwe amagwira ntchito pafupifupi m'njira zonse zamoyo. Amagwira ntchito ngati ma enzyme, mahomoni, ndi kapangidwe ka maselo. Zitsanzo zake ndi enzyme amylase ndi hormone insulin.
Chitsanzo cha mavuto
Funso:
Tchulani ndi kufotokoza ntchito ya ma enzyme pakupanga mapuloteni.
Kukambirana:
– RNA Polymerase: Enzyme iyi imapanga mRNA kuchokera ku template ya DNA panthawi yolemba.
– Ma Ribosome: Ma protein-RNA complexes awa ndi malo omwe mRNA imamasuliridwa kukhala unyolo wa polypeptide.
– tRNA Synthetase: Enzyme iyi imalimbikitsa kumangirira kwa amino acid ku tRNA yoyenera.
– Peptidyl Transferase: Gawo la ribosome lomwe limayambitsa mapangidwe a ma peptide bond pakati pa amino acid panthawi yosinthira.
4. Nyukleotidi
Tanthauzo ndi Ntchito
Ma nucleotide ndi ma monomer omwe amapanga ma nucleic acid (DNA ndi RNA). Ndi ofunikira posungira ndi kutumiza chidziwitso cha majini komanso kupereka mphamvu (monga ATP).
Chitsanzo cha mavuto
Funso:
Fotokozani njira yobwerezabwereza DNA m'maselo a prokaryotic.
Kukambirana:
Kubwerezabwereza kwa DNA ndi njira yopangira DNA kukhala mamolekyu awiri ofanana.
1. Kutsegula (Kutsegula kwa Helix): Enzyme ya helicase imaswa ma hydrogen bond pakati pa ma nucleotide, ndikulekanitsa zingwe ziwiri za DNA.
2. Kupanga Kwatsopano (Kupanga Kwatsopano): Ma primer a RNA amapangidwa ndi primase.
3. Kupanga DNA (Kupanga DNA): DNA polymerase imawonjezera ma nucleotide atsopano ku template ya DNA malinga ndi kuphatikiza kwake kogwirizana.
4. Kulumikiza ndi Kukonza Zinthu: Enzyme ya ligase imalumikiza zidutswa za Okazaki pa chingwe chotsalira, ndipo DNA polymerase imafufuza ndikukonza zolakwika.
5. Vitamini
Tanthauzo ndi Ntchito
Mavitamini ndi mankhwala achilengedwe omwe amafunikira pang'ono koma ofunikira kuti thupi lizigwira ntchito bwino. Amagwira ntchito ngati ma coenzymes (monga mavitamini a B-complex), ma antioxidants (mavitamini C ndi E), ndi owongolera kagayidwe kachakudya (mavitamini D).
Chitsanzo cha mavuto
Funso:
Kodi Vitamini C ndi yofunika bwanji m'thupi la munthu, ndipo kodi kusowa kwake ndi kotani?
Kukambirana:
- Ntchito ya Vitamini C: Imagwira ntchito ngati antioxidant, imathandizira kupanga kolajeni, imawonjezera kuyamwa kwa chitsulo, komanso imalimbitsa chitetezo chamthupi.
– Zotsatira za Kusowa kwa Vitamini C: Kusowa kwa Vitamini C kungayambitse matenda a scurvy, omwe amadziwika ndi kutopa, kupweteka kwa minofu ndi mafupa, kutuluka magazi m'kamwa, kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi, komanso kuchira pang'onopang'ono kwa mabala.
Mapeto
Mankhwala achilengedwe monga chakudya, mafuta, mapuloteni, ma nucleotide, ndi mavitamini ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazochitika zosiyanasiyana zamoyo. Kumvetsetsa ntchito ndi ubwino wa mankhwala aliwonsewa ndikofunikira kwambiri pa thanzi ndi mankhwala. Zitsanzo za mavuto omwe ali m'nkhaniyi zikupereka kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa momwe mankhwalawa amagwirira ntchito komanso kufunika kwawo pakusunga moyo wa zamoyo.
Nkhaniyi ikuyembekezeka kuthandiza owerenga kumvetsetsa mfundo zazikulu za mankhwala osiyanasiyana ofunikira achilengedwe ndi ubwino wawo, komanso kukulitsa luso lawo lofufuza ndikuthetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi sayansi ya zamoyo ndi moyo.
