Kumanga kwa Jenda ndi Kugonana mu Anthropology
Mu maphunziro a za chikhalidwe cha anthu, malingaliro okhudza kugonana ndi kugonana akhala maziko ofunikira kwambiri owunikira. Kapangidwe ka kugonana ndi kugonana kamatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe anthu padziko lonse lapansi amamangira ndikuwongolera umunthu wawo ndi maubwenzi awo. Nkhaniyi ifufuza bwino momwe kugonana ndi kugonana kumakhalira, kuwunika malingaliro osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndikukambirana kufunika kwake m'mikhalidwe yamasiku ano.
Kumvetsetsa Jenda ndi Kugonana
Tisanapite patsogolo, tiyenera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la jenda ndi kugonana. Jenda nthawi zambiri limatanthauza maudindo, makhalidwe, ziyembekezo, ndi umunthu wopangidwa ndi anthu kutengera kusiyana kwa chilengedwe (mwamuna ndi mkazi). Kumbali ina, kugonana kumaphatikizapo mbali zazikulu monga chilakolako chogonana, zomwe amakonda pa kugonana, ndi momwe munthu amaonekera pa kugonana.
Mawu amenewa nthawi zambiri amafanana ndipo ndi ovuta kuwamvetsa. Jenda ndi kalembedwe ka chikhalidwe komwe kamakhudzidwa ndi miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino, pomwe kugonana kumakhala kwa munthu payekha ndipo kumatha kukhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi zina zotero. Mu maphunziro a anthu, zonsezi zimaphunziridwa kuti zimvetse momwe anthu amakhalira komanso momwe amachitira zinthu.
Malingaliro a Anthropology pa Jenda
Anthropology, monga phunziro la anthu, imagwiritsa ntchito njira yonse yophunzirira za jenda. Kafukufuku wa ethnographic, njira yayikulu mu anthropology, amalola asayansi kukhala ndi anthu, kuwona, ndikuyanjana ndi anthu ammudzi kuti apeze chidziwitso chakuya.
Jenda m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana
Chikhalidwe chilichonse chili ndi njira yakeyake yofotokozera ndi kusonyeza jenda. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a Bugis ku Indonesia amatsatira lingaliro la jenda zisanu: amuna, akazi, calalai (akazi ochita ngati amuna), calabai (amuna ochita ngati akazi), ndi bissu (ansembe omwe amaonedwa kuti ali ndi zinthu za jenda zonse ziwiri). Chochitika ichi chikuwonetsa kuti jenda si lingaliro la binary koma ndi lamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Zikhalidwe zina, monga gulu la anthu a hijra ku India, zimazindikira mtundu wachitatu womwe uli ndi malo apadera pa miyambo ndi moyo wachipembedzo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti lingaliro la mtundu si la anthu onse, koma limapangidwa ndi chikhalidwe ndi malo omwe munthu amakhala.
Zotsatira za Kapangidwe ka Nyumba pa Kumanga kwa Amuna ndi Akazi
Malinga ndi ziphunzitso za structuralist, jenda nthawi zambiri imatsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu , kuphatikizapo zachuma, ndale, ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera omwe amuna ndi akazi amalamulira amuna, amuna nthawi zambiri amalamulira pankhani ya mphamvu ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu, pomwe akazi amapatsidwa maudindo ochepa.
Malingaliro a akazi mu chikhalidwe cha anthu amatsutsa lingaliro ili, ponena kuti maudindo osalingana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi si zotsatira zachibadwa koma amapangidwa kudzera mu njira zovuta za chikhalidwe. Amanenanso kuti maudindo pakati pa amuna ndi akazi amatha kusintha pamene chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zikusintha.
Ubale wa Amuna ndi Akazi ndi Mphamvu
Kuphatikiza apo, ubale pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri mu kafukufuku wa anthu. Michel Foucault, katswiri woganiza pambuyo pa kapangidwe ka zinthu, adafufuza momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito kudzera m'mabungwe ndi nkhani kuti apange mawonekedwe a amuna ndi akazi. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, amuna ndi akazi amaonedwa ngati zotsatira za njira zokambirana zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuwongolera mabungwe.
Kugonana mu Malingaliro a Anthropology
Monga momwe zilili ndi amuna kapena akazi, kugonana ndi njira yolankhulirana yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe. Anthropology imatsutsa lingaliro lakuti chilakolako chogonana ndi khalidwe la kugonana ndi zachilengedwe komanso zapadziko lonse. Kafukufuku wa anthropology akuwonetsa kuti machitidwe a kugonana amasiyana kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Kusiyana kwa Chikhalidwe pa Kulankhulana Pachibwenzi
Mwachitsanzo, m'dera la Sambia ku Papua New Guinea, pali mwambo wachikhalidwe pomwe anyamata amagonana ndi amuna akuluakulu ngati gawo la chiyambi chawo mpaka kukula. Mchitidwewu umatsutsa malingaliro akumadzulo omwe amaona kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chizolowezi chofala padziko lonse lapansi.
M'zikhalidwe zina za ku Africa, pali miyambo monga ukwati wa mitala ndi ukwati wa polyandry, zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso cha momwe kugonana sikungamvekere kokha kuchokera ku lingaliro la ukwati wa m'modzi yekha lomwe nthawi zambiri limaonedwa kuti ndi lofala m'madera akumadzulo.
Kugonana ndi Kudziwika
M'madera amakono okhala m'mizinda, umunthu wogonana wasintha kwambiri komanso wavuta. Gulu la LGBT+ likukulitsa nkhani yokhudza kugonana pogogomezera kuti malingaliro ogonana ndi umunthu wogonana sizokhazikika koma zimasinthasintha ndipo zimatha kusintha pakapita nthawi.
Katswiri wa zamaganizo okhudza kugonana Judith Butler adapereka lingaliro la "kukwaniritsa kwa amuna ndi akazi," lomwe limati kugonana ndi kugonana ndi zotsatira za machitidwe obwerezabwereza kapena zochita zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi miyambo ya anthu. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kudziwika kwa kugonana si chinthu "chakuya" kapena chamkati, koma chimapangidwa kudzera mu kuyanjana ndi anthu.
Kufunika kwa Kumanga kwa Jenda ndi Kugonana M'nkhani Yamakono
Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka kugonana ndi kugonana kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi lamakono, makamaka pakuyesetsa kuti pakhale chilungamo cha anthu komanso kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Pankhani ya kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi, madera ambiri am'deralo akukumana ndi vuto losunga chikhalidwe chawo pakati pa miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndondomeko ya Amuna ndi Akazi ndi Kulimbikitsa Anthu
Kumvetsetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera amuna ndi akazi kungathandize kupanga mfundo zomwe zimaphatikiza anthu onse komanso zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, kuzindikira kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso kugonana kungayambitse kusintha kwa mfundo zomwe anthu a LGBT+ amachita, monga ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso ufulu wobereka.
Maphunziro a Kugonana
Mu maphunziro, kuyambitsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe pankhani ya jenda ndi kugonana kungayambitse malingaliro ovuta komanso otsutsa okhudza kudziwika ndi ubale wa anthu. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri polimbana ndi tsankho ndi malingaliro olakwika omwe nthawi zambiri amaika magulu ena m'malo osiyana.
Kulimbikitsa Umoyo Wobereka
Kuphatikiza apo, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa kugonana ndikofunikiranso pankhani ya thanzi la kubereka. Ndondomeko ndi mapulogalamu azaumoyo omwe amaganizira kwambiri machitidwe osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso ziyembekezo zimathandiza kuti pakhale njira zogwirira ntchito bwino komanso zoyenera chikhalidwe.
Kutseka
Kafukufuku wokhudza kapangidwe ka kugonana ndi kugonana mu maphunziro a anthu akuwonetsa kuti kudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi machitidwe ogonana ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri komanso osinthasintha. Zochitika zachikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, zachuma, ndi ndale zimakhudza kwambiri momwe anthu amamvetsetsera ndikufotokozera kugonana kwawo ndi kugonana kwawo. Ndi njira yophatikiza komanso yowunikira, titha kumanga gulu lomwe limamvetsetsa, kuvomereza, komanso lolingana ndi kudziwika konse.
