Njira Yofufuzira Zochita Pamodzi mu Anthropology
Pendauluan
Mu maphunziro apamwamba, makamaka mu maphunziro a anthu, njira zofufuzira zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga chidziwitso chovomerezeka komanso chothandiza. Njira imodzi yomwe yalandiridwa chidwi chachikulu ndi Kafukufuku Wochitapo Kanthu (PAR). Njirayi imayika ophunzira ofufuza ngati opereka nawo mbali, osati zinthu zongophunziridwa. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mozama za njira ya PAR pankhani ya maphunziro a anthu, kuyambira mfundo zake zoyambira mpaka momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito pofufuza m'munda.
Kumvetsetsa Kafukufuku Wochitapo Kanthu (PAR)
Kafukufuku Wochitapo Kanthu (PAR) ndi njira yofufuzira yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakuchitapo kanthu komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa ophunzira ofufuza. Mosiyana ndi njira zofufuzira zakale, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaika anthu ofufuza ngati zinthu zopanda ntchito, PAR imawagwiritsa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana a kafukufuku, kuyambira kukonzekera mpaka kukhazikitsa ndi kuwunika. Chifukwa chake, PAR ikufuna kuphatikiza chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha m'deralo kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
PAR mu Malingaliro a Anthropological
Anthropology monga gawo la maphunziro nthawi zambiri imayang'ana kwambiri kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe ndi khalidwe la anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito PAR mu anthropology ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa njira iyi imalola ofufuza kugwirizana ndi madera kuti amvetse zenizeni za chikhalidwe chawo. Kudzera mu njira iyi, ofufuza samangopeza zambiri komanso zambiri zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chawo komanso amathandizira kulimbikitsa anthu ammudzi.
Masitepe mu Njira ya PAR
1. Dziwani Vuto
Gawo loyamba mu PAR ndi kuzindikira mavuto, komwe kumachitika ndi wofufuzayo pamodzi ndi anthu ammudzi. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kukambirana mozama kuti adziwe nkhani zofunika kwambiri komanso zofunika kwambiri pakufufuza. Kuzindikira mavuto kumadalira malingaliro ndi zomwe anthu ammudzi amakumana nazo tsiku ndi tsiku.
2. Kukonzekera
Vuto likapezeka, gawo lotsatira ndi kupanga dongosolo lofufuzira. Gawoli limaphatikizapo kupanga njira yosonkhanitsira deta ndikusankha njira ndi zida zoti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Pankhani ya anthropology, njira zowerengera anthu monga kuyankhulana mozama, kuyang'anira ophunzira, ndi magulu owunikira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
3. Kukhazikitsa Kafukufuku
Gawo ili likuphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa deta motsatira dongosolo lomwe mwagwirizana. Kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu kwa anthu ammudzi ndikofunikira kwambiri pano. Sikuti amangogwira ntchito ngati magwero a deta komanso ngati osonkhanitsa deta. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti chidziwitso chomwe chasonkhanitsidwacho ndi choyimira komanso chofunikira.
4. Kusanthula ndi Kuganizira
Deta yosonkhanitsidwayo imasanthulidwa mogwirizana ndi ofufuza ndi anthu ammudzi. Kuganizira mozama zomwe zapezeka pa kafukufukuyu n'kofunika kwambiri pagawoli. Kusanthula mogwirizana kumathandiza ofufuza ndi anthu ammudzi kumvetsetsa bwino vuto lomwe likuphunziridwa.
5. Kuchitapo kanthu
Zotsatira za kusanthulako zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zochita zomwe anthu ammudzi angachite kuti athetse mavuto omwe apezeka. Zochitazi zimachitika pochita nawo anthu onse ammudzi malinga ndi mphamvu zawo ndi maudindo awo.
6. Kuwunika
Gawo lomaliza mu PAR ndi kuwunika zomwe zachitika. Kuwunika kumeneku sikuti kungowunika kupambana kwa zomwe zachitika komanso kumazindikira madera omwe akufunika kusintha. Kuwunika kochita nawo mbali kumathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti maphunziro ndi kusintha kukupitilizabe.
Ubwino wa Njira ya PAR
1. Kufunika kwa Anthu
Mwa kuphatikiza anthu ammudzi pa gawo lililonse la kafukufuku, PAR imaonetsetsa kuti nkhani zomwe zafotokozedwazo ndizofunikadi komanso zimakhudza anthu ammudzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zotsatira za kafukufukuyo zikhale zomveka komanso zogwira ntchito.
2. Kulimbikitsa Anthu Omwe Ali M'dera
PAR imapanga mwayi kwa anthu ammudzi kuti atukule luso lawo, kuwonjezera kudzimva kuti ali ndi umwini, ndikudzipatsa mphamvu kuti athetse mavuto awo. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu kukhala okhazikika komanso odzidalira.
3. Deta Yochuluka ndi Yogwirizana ndi Nkhani
Kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu kwa anthu ammudzi pa ntchito yosonkhanitsa deta kumathandiza ofufuza kupeza zambiri zakuya, zolemera, komanso zokhudzana ndi nkhani. Izi zimawonjezera kutsimikizika ndi kudalirika kwa deta yomwe yapezedwa.
4. Kusinthasintha
PAR ndi njira yosinthasintha komanso yosinthika. Imalola ofufuza kusintha njira yawo kutengera momwe zinthu zilili komanso momwe zinthu zilili m'munda. Kusinthasintha kumeneku n'kothandiza kwambiri pankhani ya kafukufuku wa anthu, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi zinthu zovuta komanso zosayembekezereka.
Mavuto mu Njira ya PAR
1. Nthawi ndi Zinthu Zofunikira
Kawirikawiri PAR imafuna nthawi ndi zinthu zambiri kuposa njira zina zofufuzira. Kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu pagulu kumatenga nthawi kuti pakhale kudalirana komanso mgwirizano wamphamvu, zomwe zingakhale zovuta.
2. Mphamvu ndi Kusalingana
Ngakhale kuti PAR ikufuna kuthetsa kusalingana, m'machitidwe ake, mphamvu zovuta zitha kukhalapobe pakati pa ofufuza ndi anthu ammudzi. Izi ziyenera kusamalidwa mosamala kuti anthu onse ammudzi akhale ndi mwayi wofanana wochita nawo.
3. Kutsimikizika kwa Deta
Ngakhale kuti PAR imapanga zambiri komanso zokhudzana ndi nkhani, kutsimikizika kwake kungakhale kovuta ngati anthu ammudzi akuopa kapena akukayikira kugawana zambiri zoona. Ofufuza ayenera kupanga malo otetezeka komanso othandizira kuti alimbikitse kuwonekera poyera komanso kutseguka.
Kugwiritsa ntchito PAR mu Maphunziro a Nkhani za Anthropological
Mwachitsanzo chenicheni, tiyeni tiganizire za kugwiritsa ntchito PAR pofufuza za kusunga chilengedwe m'madera a anthu okhala m'deralo. Pankhaniyi, vuto lomwe ladziwika ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha njira zaulimi zosakhazikika. Ofufuzawo adagwirizana ndi anthu okhala m'deralo kukonzekera kafukufuku wokhudza kusonkhanitsa deta ya njira zaulimi zachikhalidwe komanso zamakono.
Kudzera mu kuyankhulana mozama komanso kuyang'anitsitsa ophunzira, deta inasonkhanitsidwa ndi kufufuzidwa mogwirizana. Kusanthulako kunawonetsa kuti njira zachikhalidwe zaulimi ndizosamalira chilengedwe ndipo zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zamakono kuti ziwonjezere zokolola popanda kuwononga chilengedwe.
Kutengera ndi zomwe zapezekazi, anthu ammudzi ndi ofufuza adapanga zochita mogwirizana monga kuphunzitsa ndi kufikira anthu pa njira zokhazikika zaulimi. Zochita izi zinkawunikidwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi anthu ammudzi, zomwe zinkaphatikizapo kupereka ndemanga ndi kusintha kosalekeza.
Mapeto
Kafukufuku Wochitapo Kanthu (PAR) amapereka njira yochuluka komanso yosinthika yofufuzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwa kuphatikiza kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu kwa anthu ammudzi, PAR sikuti imangopanga deta yolondola komanso yozama komanso imathandizira kupatsa mphamvu ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Komabe, mavuto monga kasamalidwe ka nthawi ndi zinthu, komanso mphamvu, ayenera kuthetsedwa mosamala kuti njirayo ipambane. Ponseponse, PAR ndi chida champhamvu chophatikiza chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe pomvetsetsa ndikuthana ndi mavuto ovuta a chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Motero, njira ya Participatory Action Research (PAR) mu anthropology imathandiza ofufuza kumvetsetsa bwino zochitika za anthu m'njira yozama komanso yogwirizana ndi nkhani. Ndi njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri yopezera chidziwitso chomwe chili chothandiza komanso chofunikira kwa anthu omwe akuphunziridwa.
