Kapangidwe ka Chilankhulo ndi Chikhalidwe
Chilankhulo si chida chongopereka mauthenga. Ndi zenera lowonetsa momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito: ndani ali ndi mphamvu, ndani amene amasiyidwa, makhalidwe abwino omwe amatsatiridwa, komanso momwe ubale pakati pa anthu umakhalira. Mu maphunziro a zilankhulo za anthu, chilankhulo chimamveka ngati chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe nthawi zonse chimagwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka anthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti momwe anthu amalankhulira—kusankha mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kusiyanasiyana kwa zilankhulo , ndi kalembedwe ka kulankhulana—nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa ndi kupanga dongosolo la chikhalidwe chowazungulira.
Chilankhulo ngati galasi la kalasi ndi udindo wa anthu
M'madera ambiri, kusiyana kwa magulu a anthu kungaonekere m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilankhulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mawu ena, matchulidwe, ndi galamala nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi magulu enaake a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wozolowera maphunziro apamwamba angagwiritse ntchito ziganizo zovomerezeka, mawu aukadaulo, kapena mawu obwereketsa. Pakadali pano, m'madera omwe ali ofanana kapena m'mikhalidwe yokhazikika, chilankhulo chosankhidwa chingakhale chofupikitsa, chodzaza ndi mawu olankhulidwa, kapena chokhala ndi makhalidwe am'deralo.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti palibe kusiyana kwa zilankhulo komwe "kuli bwino" mwachibadwa. M'malo mwake, ndi zigamulo za anthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina. Pamene kusiyana kwa zilankhulo kumaonedwa kuti ndi "kophunzira kwambiri" kapena "kwaulemu kwambiri," nthawi zambiri kumakhudzana ndi mphamvu ya anthu yomwe imalankhula. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chilankhulo chimakhala chizindikiro cha udindo: chingatsegule kapena kutseka mwayi, mwachitsanzo, mu kuyankhulana ntchito, maphunziro, kapena kuyanjana ndi mabungwe.
Mitundu yovomerezeka ndi yosavomerezeka: malamulo osalembedwa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku
Anthu ali ndi malamulo osalembedwa okhudza nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito chilankhulo chovomerezeka kapena chosavomerezeka. M'nkhani ya ku Indonesia, kusiyana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumawonekera pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero chovomerezeka cha ku Indonesia, chinenero chosakhala cha ku Indonesia, chinenero chosakanikirana cha madera, kapena chilankhulo cha slang. Polankhula ndi akuluakulu a boma, aphunzitsi, kapena akuluakulu kuntchito, miyambo ya anthu imalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chaulemu komanso chokonzedwa bwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, polankhula ndi anzawo, chilankhulo chimakhala chosavuta komanso cholankhula bwino.
Chochitikachi chikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu komwe kamagwira ntchito kudzera mu chilankhulo. Maubwenzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana—monga, apamwamba kuposa ena, aphunzitsi-ophunzira, makolo ndi ana—amalimbikitsa olankhula kusintha kalankhulidwe kawo kuti kagwirizane ndi zomwe anthu amayembekezera. Kusintha kumeneku sikungokhudza makhalidwe abwino, koma ndi njira yosungira ubale ndikupewa mikangano ya anthu.
Chilankhulo, mphamvu, ndi kuvomerezeka
Chilankhulo chimagwiranso ntchito posunga mphamvu. Anthu amene amadziwa bwino “chilankhulo chovomerezeka”—monga ulamuliro, malamulo, kapena maphunziro—nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi udindo wamphamvu kwambiri m’gulu la anthu. Zikalata za boma, malamulo, ndi njira za boma nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa m’chilankhulo chomwe nthawi zambiri sichimveka mosavuta ndi aliyense. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa anthu omwe amamvetsetsa chilankhulo cha bungwe ndi omwe sachimvetsetsa.
Izi zingayambitse kusalingana. Anthu osadziwa bwino zilankhulo zovomerezeka akhoza kukhala ndi vuto lopeza mautumiki aboma, kulemba makalata, kapena kumvetsetsa ufulu wawo walamulo. Zotsatira zake, chilankhulo chimakhala mtundu wa "chuma cha anthu": kuthekera kolankhula chilankhulo china kungapangitse kuti munthu azitha kutenga nawo mbali m'malo ochezera.
Chilankhulo monga womanga umunthu ndi mgwirizano
Kupatula kusonyeza kapangidwe ka anthu, chilankhulo chimapanganso umunthu. Munthu akhoza kunena kuti ndi membala wa gulu pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo, katchulidwe, kapena mawu osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mawu a achinyamata amatha kukhala ngati chizindikiro cha ubale ndi mgwirizano, komanso kuwasiyanitsa ndi mibadwo yakale. Mofananamo, kugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za m'madera osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri ndi njira yosungira ubale wamaganizo ndi umunthu wa chikhalidwe.
Chidziwitso ichi chimasintha. Munthu akhoza "kusinthana ndi ma code" pakati pa Chiindoneziya ndi chilankhulo cha chigawo kapena chakunja kutengera momwe zinthu zilili. Kusinthaku si chizindikiro cha chisokonezo, koma luso locheza ndi anthu kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito malo osiyanasiyana: kunyumba, kusukulu, kuntchito, ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo ndi chida champhamvu chokambirana za chidziwitso.
Jenda ndi chilankhulo: njira zolankhulirana zomwe zimapangidwa ndi miyambo ya anthu
Kapangidwe ka anthu m'magulu kamakhudzanso kusiyana kwa chilankhulo chozikidwa pa amuna ndi akazi. M'zikhalidwe zambiri, akazi nthawi zambiri amayembekezeredwa kulankhula mwaulemu, osalankhula molunjika, komanso kupewa kutukwana. Koma amuna nthawi zambiri "amaloledwa" kukhala odzidalira kapena olamulira makambirano. Zachidziwikire, machitidwe amenewa si okhazikika ndipo amasintha pakapita nthawi, koma miyambo yotereyi imawonekera m'machitidwe ambiri atsiku ndi tsiku.
Ziyembekezo za anthu pagulu izi zingayambitse kusalingana. Ngati mkazi akuwoneka kuti ndi "wodzidalira kwambiri," angaweruzidwe molakwika, pomwe kulimba mtima komweko mwa mwamuna kumaonedwa kuti ndi kwachibadwa. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo sichili chopanda tsankho: ziweruzo zokhudza momwe anthu amalankhulira nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ubale wa mphamvu ndi malingaliro olakwika okhudza amuna ndi akazi.
Chilankhulo m'malo a digito: nyumba zatsopano za anthu
Kukula kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kukuwonetsa momwe chilankhulo ndi kapangidwe ka anthu zimasinthira. Mu malo a digito, malire pakati pa ovomerezeka ndi osavomerezeka amasokonekera kwambiri. Anthu amatha kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi anthu otchuka, akuluakulu a boma, kapena makampani kudzera mu ndemanga ndi mauthenga achangu. Komabe, kapangidwe ka anthu sikatha—kamapezeka m'njira zatsopano: kutsimikizira akaunti, kuchuluka kwa otsatira, ulamuliro wa anthu okhudzidwa, ndi chikhalidwe cha "virus".
Chilankhulo cha pa intaneti chimapanganso madera atsopano omwe amadutsa malire a malo. Ma meme, mawu ofupikitsa, ndi mitundu ina ya chilankhulo zimatha kukhala magulu amphamvu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, malo a digito nthawi zambiri amakhala malo ochitira nkhanza, mawu odana, komanso kugawikana. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo chili ndi zotsatira zenizeni pa chikhalidwe cha anthu: chingalimbikitse mgwirizano ndikukulitsa mikangano.
Chilankhulo, kunyozedwa, ndi tsankho
Kusalidwa kwa chilankhulo kumachitika pamene kalankhulidwe kapena chilankhulo china chimaonedwa ngati "chimbalangondo chakumidzi," "osati chamakono," kapena "osadziwa zambiri." Komabe, kusiyana kwa chilankhulo ndi kwachibadwa. Kusalidwa kumeneku kungalimbikitse olankhula kubisa umunthu wawo wa chilankhulo kuti agwirizane ndi malo enaake. Mwachitsanzo, wina angachepetse kalankhulidwe kawo ka chigawo akakhala mumzinda waukulu kuti awoneke ngati waluso kwambiri.
Kusankhana mitundu pogwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo kungayambitse mavuto aakulu, kuphatikizapo mwayi wopeza ntchito komanso kudzidalira. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kudziwitsa anthu kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa zilankhulo ndi chuma, osati cholepheretsa. Maphunziro ndi atolankhani ali ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pochepetsa manyazi powonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa zilankhulo mwachilungamo komanso mosanyoza.
Udindo wa maphunziro pakumanga kufanana kwa zilankhulo
Masukulu nthawi zambiri amakhala malo oyambira ophunzirira zilankhulo. Kuphunzitsa chilankhulo cha Indonesia ndikofunikira kuti nzika zonse zizitha kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha dziko lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa ndi kuyang'anira. Komabe, njira zophunzitsira siziyenera kuchotsa zilankhulo za m'deralo kapena kunyalanyaza mitundu yosakhala yokhazikika ngati "zolakwika" popanda chifukwa.
Njira yabwino ndiyo kuphunzitsa kuti chinenero chilichonse chili ndi malo ake ndi ntchito yake. Chilankhulo chokhazikika n'chothandiza pazochitika zovomerezeka, pomwe zilankhulo za m'madera ndi mitundu yosavomerezeka ndizofunikira pa kudziwika, chikhalidwe, ndi mgwirizano wa anthu. Njira imeneyi imathandiza ophunzira kumvetsetsa chilankhulo ngati njira yosankha, osati kungotsatira malamulo a chabwino ndi choipa.
Pomaliza: chilankhulo ngati malo okambirana za anthu
Chilankhulo ndi kapangidwe ka anthu zimagwirizana mu ubale wovuta. Chilankhulo chimasonyeza maudindo, makhalidwe, ndi miyambo ya anthu, koma chingakhalenso chida chokambirana za kudziwika, kulimbana ndi tsankho, komanso kukulitsa kutenga nawo mbali pagulu. Pomvetsetsa ubalewu, titha kukhala osamala kwambiri momwe timaweruzira ena kutengera zomwe amalankhula komanso kuganizira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo kuti tipange kulumikizana kofanana.
Pomaliza, kuphunzira chilankhulo sikutanthauza kungodziwa galamala kapena mawu okha. Kumakhudza kumvetsetsa anthu omwe ali m'malo awo ochezera—chifukwa mawu aliwonse omwe timalankhula ali ndi zizindikiro za chikhalidwe, mbiri, ndi mphamvu zomwe zimapangitsa miyoyo yathu kukhala yofanana.
