Zotsatira za Ukoloni pa Kapangidwe ka Chikhalidwe ndi Chikhalidwe
Pendauluan
Ukoloni unali nthawi m'mbiri pamene mayiko aku Europe ankalamulira ndi kugonjetsa madera akuluakulu ku Africa, Asia, ndi America. Ngakhale cholinga chachikulu cha ukoloni chinali kuwononga chuma, zotsatira zake zinali zovuta kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mbali za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe anagonjetsedwa. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama momwe ukoloni unakhudzira machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Kusintha kwa Kapangidwe ka Anthu
1. Dongosolo Latsopano la Utsogoleri
Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zazikulu za ukoloni chinali kusintha kwa machitidwe achikhalidwe omwe adakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Akoloni nthawi zambiri ankayambitsa machitidwe atsopano olamulira omwe anali okhazikika pa olamulira akoloni ndi anthu apamwamba am'deralo omwe ankawathandizira. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ambiri a Indonesia, a Dutch adayambitsa dongosolo la mafuko ofanana ndi dongosolo la feudal ku Europe, ndikupanga machitidwe atsopano achikhalidwe omwe sanalipo kale.
2. Kusalingana kwa Anthu
Ukoloni unayambitsanso kusalingana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu. Olamulira a chikoloni nthawi zambiri ankateteza maudindo awo azachuma ndi chikhalidwe chawo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa kuchokera kwa anthu amderalo. Anayambitsa njira zachuma zomwe zinkapindulitsa atsamunda ndi anthu apamwamba amderalo, pomwe ankasauka anthu wamba. Ndondomeko monga "Cultuurstelsel," kapena Forced Cultivation System ku Indonesia, ndi chitsanzo chabwino, pomwe anthu ankakakamizika kulima mbewu zogulira kuti apeze phindu ku Netherlands.
3. Kusamuka ndi Kusamukira ku Mizinda
Ukoloni unayambitsanso kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri komanso kusamukira kumizinda. Zomangamanga zomwe zinamangidwa ndi atsamunda, monga misewu, njanji, ndi madoko, zinathandiza anthu kuyenda. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunika kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m'mizinda ndi m'malo olamulira atsamunda kunalimbikitsanso anthu kusamuka kuchoka kumidzi kupita kumizinda. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu m'magulu a anthu ndi chikhalidwe, ndipo mizinda inali kukhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso yodzaza ndi mafuko ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.
1. Mphamvu ya Chipembedzo ndi Maphunziro
Ukoloni unabweretsanso kusintha kwakukulu pa chipembedzo ndi maphunziro. Maulamuliro ambiri a atsamunda adalimbikitsa Chikhristu ngati gawo la khama lawo lofuna "kupititsa patsogolo" madera am'deralo. Amishonale achikhristu adakhazikitsa masukulu ndi matchalitchi omwe adakhala malo ochitira zinthu zachikhalidwe ndi maphunziro. Komabe, m'malo ambiri, izi zidapangitsa kuti zikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro zakale za m'deralo ziwonongeke.
2. Chilankhulo ndi Kulankhulana
Zilankhulo zachikoloni nthawi zambiri zimakhala chilankhulo choyendetsera ndi maphunziro, zomwe zimalowa m'malo kapena kugogomezera zilankhulo zakomweko. Mwachitsanzo, m'maiko ambiri aku Africa, Chingerezi, Chifalansa, kapena Chipwitikizi ndi zilankhulo zovomerezeka komanso chilankhulo cha maphunziro apamwamba, pomwe zilankhulo zakomweko zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pazinthu zosavomerezeka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zilankhulo ndi zikhalidwe zakomweko zitayike, zomwe zimatha kutha pakapita nthawi.
3. Zaluso ndi Miyambo
Ukoloni unakhudzanso zaluso ndi miyambo. Mitundu yambiri ya zaluso zachikhalidwe, nyimbo, ndi kuvina inakumana ndi kupsinjika ndi kusintha chifukwa cha zisonkhezero za chikhalidwe cha Kumadzulo . Ngakhale kuti mitundu ina ya zaluso izi inapulumuka ndipo inasinthidwanso kuti igwirizane ndi zisonkhezero zatsopano, ina yambiri inatayika kapena inawonongeka chifukwa chosowa chithandizo ndi kuyamikiridwa.
4. Zovala ndi Moyo
Ukoloni unabweretsa kusintha kwa miyoyo ndi zovala. Olamulira a chikoloni nthawi zambiri ankayambitsa mafashoni ndi zovala zawo kumadera omwe anali atsamunda. Zovala zachikhalidwe zinayamba kusinthidwa ndi zovala zachikhalidwe cha Kumadzulo, zomwe zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zamakono komanso zapamwamba. Kusintha kumeneku kunawonetsanso kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu, chifukwa ambiri anayamba kuona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito miyoyo ya anthu akumadzulo ndi chizindikiro cha kupita patsogolo komanso udindo wawo pagulu.
Mikangano ya Chikhalidwe ndi Kulimba Mtima
1. Kukana Anthu
Ngakhale kuti atsamunda anali ndi mphamvu zambiri, madera ambiri anasonyeza kulimba mtima ndi kulimba mtima pa chikhalidwe. Kukana ulamuliro wa atsamunda sikunangokhala kuukira kwa thupi kokha komanso kukana chikhalidwe cha anthu. Madera nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zophiphiritsira kuti asunge chikhalidwe chawo , monga kusunga zilankhulo zakomweko, miyambo yachikhalidwe, ndi zaluso zachikhalidwe.
2. Kusakaniza Chikhalidwe
Njira ya ukoloni inayambitsanso kusakanikirana kwa chikhalidwe, komwe zinthu za chikhalidwe cha m'deralo ndi cha atsamunda zinagwirizana kuti zipange mitundu yatsopano ya chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu nyimbo, titha kuwona momwe nyimbo za Kumadzulo zimakhudzira nyimbo zachikhalidwe, zomwe zinayambitsa mitundu yatsopano monga "dangdut" ku Indonesia kapena "calypso" ku Caribbean. Kusakanikirana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikhalidwe, ngakhale kuti kungakhalenso gwero la kusamvana pakati pa anthu.
3. Maphunziro ndi Kukwera kwa Ufulu Wadziko
Pomaliza pake, maphunziro omwe anakhazikitsidwa ndi atsamunda nawonso adathandizira kukulira kwa dziko lawo. Anzeru ndi atsogoleri a kayendetsedwe ka dziko nthawi zambiri anali zopangidwa ndi njira zophunzitsira zachitsamunda. Anagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ndi luso lomwe adapeza potsutsa utsamunda ndikumenyera ufulu wodzilamulira. Zitsanzo zakale ndi monga Sukarno ku Indonesia, Mahatma Gandhi ku India, ndi Kwame Nkrumah ku Ghana, onse omwe adalimbikitsa kutsutsa utsamunda ndipo adapeza ufulu wodzilamulira wa mayiko awo.
Mapeto
Zotsatira za ukoloni pa chikhalidwe cha anthu zinali zazikulu komanso zovuta. Kumbali imodzi, ukoloni unabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu m'magulu a anthu, kusalingana kwachuma, komanso kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Kumbali ina, zinabweretsanso kusintha kwakukulu m'mbali za chikhalidwe, chipembedzo, chilankhulo, zaluso, ndi moyo.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti zinthu zonsezi zinakhudza anthu ambiri, anthu a m’madera a atsamunda anasonyeza kulimba mtima kwambiri. Iwo sanangopulumuka kokha komanso anayambitsa kusakanizidwa kwa chikhalidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro a atsamunda kuti amange gulu la anthu okonda dziko lawo lomwe pamapeto pake linapambana kugwetsa ulamuliro wa atsamunda.
Ukoloni unali nthawi yomwe inathandiza kupanga dziko lamakono monga momwe tikulidziwira. Kumvetsetsa momwe limakhudzira chikhalidwe cha anthu kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa mphamvu, kukana, ndi kusintha komwe kukupitirira kuchitika m'dziko lathu lerolino.
