Kusanthula Nkhani ndi Kumanga Zoona Za Anthu
Kusanthula nkhani ndi njira yophunzirira kulankhulana ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu yomwe imafufuza momwe chilankhulo chimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'malemba ndi m'nkhani, komanso momwe chilankhulo chimapangira ndi kuwonetsa zenizeni za anthu. Njira iyi siingofufuza zomwe zanenedwa komanso momwe, chifukwa chake, komanso zotsatira zake zomwe chinthu chimanenedwa. Pankhaniyi, nkhani siimangowoneka ngati chiwonetsero cha zenizeni komanso ngati kapangidwe ka zenizeni. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mozama kusanthula nkhani ndi kapangidwe ka zenizeni za anthu komanso momwe ziwirizi zimagwirizanirana ndikukhudza miyoyo yathu ya anthu.
Tanthauzo ndi Mbiri ya Kusanthula Nkhani
Njira yowunikira nkhani yachokera m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zilankhulo, chikhalidwe cha anthu, maphunziro a anthu, ndi maphunziro a atolankhani. Michel Foucault, katswiri wafilosofi komanso wolemba mbiri wa ku France, anali munthu wofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa chiphunzitso cha nkhani. Foucault adati nkhani sikulankhulana kokha kapena kolembedwa koma imaphatikizaponso machitidwe a anthu, mabungwe, ndi kapangidwe kake komwe kamaumba chidziwitso ndi mphamvu m'gulu.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, kusanthula nkhani kwasintha kukhala nthambi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Kusanthula Nkhani Zofunikira, komwe kumayang'ana kwambiri pakuvumbula ubale wamphamvu womwe uli kumbuyo kwa nkhani. Anthu odziwika bwino mu kusanthula nkhani zofunikira, monga Norman Fairclough ndi Teun A. van Dijk, amafufuza momwe chilankhulo ndi zolemba zimapangira, kusunga, komanso kutsutsa kapangidwe ka mphamvu.
Malingaliro Oyambira a Kumanga Zoona Za Anthu
Kapangidwe ka zenizeni m'magulu ndi chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimanena kuti zenizeni sizimangolandiridwa ngati zenizeni koma zimasinthidwanso ndi kuyanjana kwa anthu komanso chilankhulo cha anthu. Chiphunzitsochi chinayambitsidwa ndi Peter L. Berger ndi Thomas Luckmann m'buku lawo lakuti "The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge" (1966). Malinga ndi iwo, chidziwitso ndi tanthauzo sizipezeka koma zimapangidwa kudzera mu njira za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a zomangamanga za anthu, mabungwe, miyambo, ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe alipo m'gulu la anthu samawoneka ngati mfundo zachilengedwe koma chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa anthu womwe ungasinthe pakapita nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro okhudza jenda, banja, kapena thanzi ndi matenda amaonedwa ngati mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zingasiyane malinga ndi zikhalidwe ndi nthawi.
Kugwirizana Pakati pa Nkhani ndi Kumanga Zoona za Anthu
Kusanthula nkhani ndi kapangidwe ka zenizeni za anthu zimagwirizana kwambiri chifukwa zonse ziwiri zimagogomezera kufunika kwa chilankhulo ndi kuyanjana kwa anthu pakupanga malingaliro athu a dziko lapansi. Nkhani sizimangowonetsa zenizeni za anthu komanso zimaupanga. Mwachitsanzo, atolankhani amagwiritsa ntchito nkhani zina kuti afotokoze nkhani zandale m'njira zomwe zingakhudze momwe anthu amaonera. Nkhani, malingaliro, komanso zotsatsa zimapanga nkhani zomwe zingapangitse malingaliro athu pazochitika zina ndi magulu a anthu.
Nkhani zimathandizanso pakuvomereza ndi kuletsa mphamvu. Mwanjira imeneyi, nkhani ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbitsa momwe zinthu zilili kapena kutsutsa ndikusintha kapangidwe ka mphamvu komwe kalikonse. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, nkhani si chida cholankhulirana chokha komanso chida cholamulira ndi kumasula.
Phunziro la Nkhani: Kuyimilira Amuna ndi Akazi mu Nkhani
Kuti tiwone momwe nkhani ndi kapangidwe ka zenizeni zimagwirira ntchito, tiyeni tiwone chitsanzo cha kuyimira amuna ndi akazi m'manyuzipepala. Kuyimira amuna ndi akazi m'manyuzipepala nthawi zambiri kumawonetsa ndikulimbikitsa malingaliro olakwika okhudza amuna ndi akazi. Mwachitsanzo, akazi nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati osachitapo kanthu, okonda zamaganizo, komanso okhazikika pantchito zapakhomo, pomwe amuna amawonetsedwa ngati olimba mtima, oganiza bwino, komanso opanga zisankho.
Kafukufuku wa Gaye Tuchman akufotokoza izi ngati "kuwonongedwa kophiphiritsa," komwe maudindo ndi zopereka za akazi m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo nthawi zambiri zimachepetsedwa kapena kunyalanyazidwa kotheratu. Pachifukwa ichi, atolankhani samangowonetsa zenizeni za anthu komanso amachita nawo gawo lofunikira popanga ndikusunga malingaliro omwe alipo okhudza amuna ndi akazi.
Kusanthula nkhani zowunikira za kuyimira amuna ndi akazi m'manyuzipepala kumatsegula maso athu kuti tiwone momwe chilankhulo ndi zithunzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zingalimbikitsire kusalingana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Mwa kuvumbulutsa njira zotsutsana izi, titha kuyamba kumvetsetsa ndikutsutsa malingaliro osalungama a anthu.
Maphunziro ngati Chida Chomangira Anthu
Maphunziro ndi gawo lina lomwe nkhani zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga ndikulimbitsa zenizeni za anthu. Maphunziro, zida zophunzitsira, ndi njira zophunzitsira zimawonetsa ndikusintha miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino a anthu. Pierre Bourdieu adatcha maphunziro bwalo lomwe "nkhanza zophiphiritsira" zimachitika, komwe ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe umachitidwa kudzera mu njira yophunzitsira.
Mkalasi, aphunzitsi angalimbikitse mosazindikira malingaliro olakwika okhudza amuna kapena akazi kapena mafuko kudzera mu zitsanzo zomwe amapereka, chilankhulo chomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, kapena momwe amayendetsera kalasi. Kusanthula nkhani m'maphunziro kumatithandiza kuzindikira ndikutsutsana ndi tsankho lobisika ili.
Zotsatira ndi Magwiritsidwe Othandiza
Kumvetsetsa momwe nkhani ndi kapangidwe ka zenizeni zimagwirizanirana zimatipatsa zida zosinthira kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito nkhani zomwe zimaphatikiza anthu onse komanso zofanana m'maphunziro, atolankhani, ndi mabungwe ena, tingayambe kumanga zenizeni zofanana komanso zolungama.
Kuntchito, kumvetsetsa momwe nkhani zimapangira maudindo ndi umunthu kungathandize kupanga mfundo zoyenera komanso zophatikiza anthu onse. Mu ndale, kuzindikira mphamvu ya nkhani popanga malingaliro a anthu kungapereke njira zolimbikitsira anthu bwino.
Mapeto
Kusanthula nkhani ndi kumanga zenizeni pakati pa anthu ndi mfundo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri pakumvetsetsa momwe chilankhulo ndi kuyanjana kwa anthu kumakhudzira malingaliro athu pa dziko lapansi komanso ife eni. Kudzera mu kusanthula nkhani, titha kuvumbulutsa njira zomwe malemba ndi zokambirana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, kusunga, ndikusintha kapangidwe ka mphamvu ndi miyambo ya anthu. Izi zimatithandiza kutsutsa kwambiri chidziwitso chomwe timalandira komanso kuchitapo kanthu popanga zenizeni za anthu zomwe zili zoyenera komanso zoyenera.
Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumatithandiza kukhala ochulukirapo kuposa kungogwiritsa ntchito zenizeni za anthu, komanso kukhala othandizira kusintha. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula nkhani ndi kumanga zenizeni za anthu ndizofunikira osati kwa akatswiri ndi ofufuza okha, komanso kwa aliyense wokhudzidwa ndi chilungamo cha anthu komanso kusintha kwabwino m'gulu.
