Chilankhulo ndi Mphamvu
Chilankhulo sichikhala chopanda tsankho. Si chida chongopereka chidziwitso, komanso njira yopangira zenizeni za anthu. Kudzera mu chilankhulo, anthu amatha kutsogolera malingaliro, kupanga ubale, kupanga malire pakati pa "ife" ndi "iwo," ndikusankha zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zachilendo kapena zosagwirizana. Chifukwa chake, tikamalankhula za chilankhulo, tikulankhulanso za mphamvu: ndani ali ndi ufulu wolankhula, ndani amamvetsera, mawu ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso zotsatira zake pa moyo wa anthu onse.
Chilankhulo ngati chida chokonzera zenizeni
Mawu aliwonse ali ndi chisankho. Pamene chochitika chikutchedwa "chisokonezo" m'malo mwa "chiwonetsero," zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana. "Chisokonezo" chimatanthauza chisokonezo, ngozi, ndi chiwopsezo ku chitetezo; "chiwonetsero" chimalola kuzindikira zomwe akufuna, chisalungamo, ndi ufulu wodziwonetsera. Kusankha mawu kumeneku sikungokhudza chilankhulo chokha, koma njira yopangira: kupanga zenizeni kuti anthu aziziona mwanjira inayake.
Mu ndale ndi m'manyuzipepala, kufalitsa nkhani ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mawu oti "malamulo" amamveka aulemu kuposa "kuchotsa anthu," ngakhale kuti angatanthauze zomwezo. "Kusintha mitengo" kumavomerezedwa mosavuta kuposa "kukweza mitengo." Mtundu uwu wa chilankhulo nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kukana, kutonthoza anthu, kapena kusintha mfundo zotsutsana. Apa ndi pomwe chilankhulo chimagwira ntchito ngati chida champhamvu: kupanga momwe anthu amamvetsetsa ndikuzindikira china chake.
Miyezo ya zilankhulo ndi kayendetsedwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu
Mphamvu imaonekeranso kudzera mu lingaliro la "chilankhulo cholondola." Pamene chinenero chimodzi—monga chilankhulo chokhazikika—chimaonedwa ngati muyezo, mitundu ina (zilankhulo za m'madera, mawu olankhulidwa, kapena mawu osakanikirana) nthawi zambiri imaonedwa kuti ndi yotsika, yopanda ulemu, kapena yopanda nzeru. Komabe, kuchokera ku lingaliro la chilankhulo, mitundu yonse ya zilankhulo ndi yofanana ndipo imatha kufotokoza matanthauzo ovuta.
Komabe, m'machitidwe a anthu, miyezo ya chilankhulo nthawi zambiri imakhala chida chosankha. M'masukulu, ophunzira amayesedwa kutengera momwe amadziwira chilankhulo chofala. Kuntchito, ofunsira amaonedwa kuti ndi "akatswiri" ngati amalankhula ndi mawu enaake ndikusankha mawu enaake. Zotsatira zake, anthu ochokera m'magulu enaake a anthu kapena madera ena amatha kusankhana pang'ono: osati chifukwa chakuti malingaliro awo ndi oipa, koma chifukwa chakuti katchulidwe kawo sikagwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda.
Chochitikachi chikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo chingakhale ngati "chuma" cha anthu. Kudziwa bwino chilankhulo chodziwika bwino kumatsegula mwayi wopeza maphunziro, ntchito, ndi maukonde. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusachidziwa bwino kungapangitse anthu kukhala ndi manyazi chifukwa chokhala "osayenera." Chifukwa chake, mkangano wokhudza chilankhulo suli wokhudza galamala yokha, komanso wokhudza chilungamo cha anthu.
Chilankhulo cha boma: mphamvu patali
Bungwe la mabizinesi lili ndi kalembedwe kapadera ka chilankhulo: kakatali, kovomerezeka, kodzaza ndi mawu aukadaulo, ndipo nthawi zambiri sikoyenera kwa owerenga. Mawu monga "mogwirizana ndi zomwe zili pamwambapa" kapena "kutengera zomwe zikugwira ntchito" amamveka ngati ovomerezeka, koma amatha kupanga kusiyana pakati pa mabungwe ndi nzika. Chilankhulo chikakhala chovuta, mwayi wopeza mautumiki aboma kwa nzika umakhala wofanana. Anthu omwe amamvetsetsa mawu oyendetsera ntchito amakhala ndi nthawi yosavuta yokonza zikalata; omwe samvetsetsa amakakamizika kudalira anthu olankhulana kapena anthu amkati.
Pa nthawiyi, chilankhulo chimakhala njira yolamulira. Kuvuta kwa chilankhulo kumatha kukhala ngati chotchinga chosaoneka, kusefa omwe aloledwa kulowa ndi omwe achotsedwa. Chifukwa chake, kayendetsedwe ka "chilankhulo chosavuta" muutumiki wa anthu sikusintha kokha kalembedwe, koma kuyesetsa kukhazikitsa demokalase: kuonetsetsa kuti chidziwitso ndi ufulu sizimangokhala kwa iwo omwe azolowera chilankhulo chovomerezeka.
Chilankhulo m'manyuzipepala ndi kupanga "chowonadi"
Ma TV ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti samangofalitsa zochitika zokha; amadziwitsanso zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunikira. Mitu ya nkhani, zosankha za magwero, ndi nkhani zobwerezabwereza zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziona zinthu mosiyana. Chilankhulo chimakhala chida chopangira "zoona" za anthu: zomwe zimaoneka zachilengedwe chifukwa zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri, ndi zomwe zimaoneka zosatheka chifukwa sizimapatsidwa malo nthawi zambiri.
Pachifukwa ichi, mphamvu imagwira ntchito kudzera mu kubwerezabwereza ndi kutsindika. Malembo ogwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza—monga, “osaganizira bwino,” “otsutsa dziko,” “kadrun,” “cebong,” “omasuka,” “achikomyunizimu”—akhoza kukhazikika m'maumboni omwe amagawanitsa anthu. Malembo amaphatikiza zovuta za anthu kukhala liwu limodzi, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo, n'zosavuta kulungamitsa khalidwe linalake: kusala, kuukira, kapena kukana kukambirana.
Pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ma algorithms amawonjezera zotsatira za chilankhulo. Mauthenga okhudzidwa kwambiri—okwiya, owopsa, onyoza—nthawi zambiri amafalikira mofulumira. Chifukwa chake, chilankhulo chokhwima komanso chosavuta nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa chilankhulo chosamala komanso chosavuta. Mphamvu pano sizikhala nthawi zonse ndi boma kapena anthu apamwamba, komanso mu kapangidwe ka nsanja ndi malingaliro a chuma cha chidwi.
Mawu onyoza, kufalitsa nkhani zabodza, ndi kusokoneza anthu
Chilankhulo cha mphamvu nthawi zambiri chimawonekera m'mawu ophiphiritsira: mawu oti "akuyeretsa" zenizeni. M'mbiri ya ndale, timawona momwe chiwawa chingatchulidwe kuti "ntchito zachitetezo," kuletsa "kuletsa chidziwitso," ndi kuchotsera anthu ambiri "kulingalira." Mawu ophiphiritsira amagwira ntchito pochepetsa kudzimva kuti ndi olakwa komanso kusintha zochita kukhala zabwinobwino.
Mauthenga okopa anthu amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zina za chilankhulo: mawu ofotokozera, kubwerezabwereza, zizindikiro, ndi magawo osiyana. Mawu afupiafupi komanso osaiwalika ("kuti pakhale bata," "kwa anthu," "oyera komanso olimba") amatha kubisa zovuta za mfundo ndikusokoneza mafunso ofunikira. Mauthenga okopa anthu si mabodza nthawi zonse; nthawi zambiri amakhala choonadi chochepa chomwe chimapangidwa kuti chipindulitse gulu linalake.
Kuzindikira izi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tipewe kusokonezedwa. Kuwerenga mozama kumatanthauza kufunsa kuti: ndi mawu ati omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito? Ndi chiyani chomwe sichinatchulidwe? Ndani amapindula ndi kusankha mawu?
Chilankhulo, umunthu, ndi kukana
Ngakhale chilankhulo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chida cholamulira, chingakhalenso chida chotsutsa. Magulu oponderezedwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsanso ntchito mawu omwe kale ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu onyoza ndikuwasintha kukhala zizindikiro za kunyada. Kuchita zachitukuko pagulu kumapanga mawu atsopano otchulira zochitika zomwe sizinavomerezedwe kale. Chinthu chikatchulidwa, chimaonekera; chikaonekera, chimatha kumenyedwa.
Mabuku, ndakatulo, nyimbo, ndi nthabwala zimathandizanso kwambiri. Zingathe kufotokoza kutsutsa m'njira yomwe imakhudza malingaliro ndi malingaliro, kupitirira chilankhulo chovomerezeka cha mabungwe. Mwachitsanzo, nthabwala zandale zimatha kuwononga aura ya "kusakhudzidwa" mu mphamvu. Motero, mphamvu ya chilankhulo si nthawi zonse imakhala yolunjika mbali imodzi; ndi gawo losinthasintha la zokopa.
Maphunziro a chilankhulo monga njira ya demokalase
Ngati chilankhulo chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mphamvu, ndiye kuti kuphunzira chilankhulo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro a demokalase. Kuphunzira sikutanthauza luso lowerenga ndi kulemba lokha, komanso luso lotanthauzira, kutsutsa, ndikuwunika zomwe zili mkati mwa zolemba. Anthu odziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga adzakhala olimba mtima kwambiri ku mphekesera, mawu odana, ndi kusokoneza nkhani.
M'masukulu, kuphunzira chilankhulo sikuyenera kungokhala pa malamulo a galamala okha, komanso kuphatikizapo kusanthula nkhani: momwe malonda amagwirira ntchito, momwe nkhani zimasinthira malingaliro, ndi momwe mawu angasiyanitsire. M'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, mabungwe ayenera kudzipereka ku chilankhulo chomveka bwino komanso chophatikiza, kuti nzika zisachotsedwe ndi zopinga za chilankhulo.
Kutseka
Chilankhulo ndi mphamvu zimalumikizana. Chilankhulo chimapanga zomwe timaona kuti ndi zoyenera, zoyenera, komanso zotheka; mphamvu zimasankha chilankhulo chomwe chili chovomerezeka komanso chomwe chingalamulire zokambirana. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa chilankhulo kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa ndale za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku: kuyambira mitundu ya mabungwe aboma ndi nkhani zovomerezeka mpaka mitu yankhani ndi ndemanga pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.
Pomaliza, funso lofunika si "chomwe chikunenedwa?", komanso "kodi chikunenedwa bwanji ndipo kwa ndani?". Tikazindikira bwino momwe timasankhira mawu, zilembo, ndi kapangidwe kake, timakhala ndi mphamvu zina pa momwe timatanthauzira dziko lapansi. Ndipo m'dziko lomwe likusintha, kuzindikira koteroko ndiko kumasunga chilankhulo kukhala mlatho—osati chopinga—pakati pa anthu.
