Anthropology Yamalamulo ndi Chilungamo Cha Anthu: Kutsata Njira Zolumikizirana Zachikhalidwe ndi Zamalamulo
Mu nkhani ya chilungamo cha anthu ndi kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, Legal Anthropology imapereka njira yapadera komanso yothandiza. Legal Anthropology ndi nthambi ya sayansi yomwe imafufuza momwe malamulo amamvetsetsedwera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuchitidwa m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza njira ndi malingaliro a anthu ndi chiphunzitso cha malamulo, nthambi iyi ya sayansi imagwira ntchito kumvetsetsa malamulo osati kokha ngati mndandanda wa malamulo, komanso ngati chochitika cha anthu chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi makhalidwe, miyambo, ndi zikhulupiriro za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Pomvetsetsa chilungamo cha anthu, Legal Anthropology imakulitsa tsogolo lathu, kupitirira malamulo olembedwa kapena ovomerezeka omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi boma. M'malo mwake, imazindikira udindo wa malamulo achikhalidwe, miyambo ya anthu, ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe yomwe imaumba miyoyo ya anthu ammudzi ndi anthu pawokha. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito chilungamo cha anthu sikungodalira kutanthauzira kovomerezeka kwa malamulo; kumafunikanso kumvetsetsa za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimakhudza khalidwe la anthu ndi zikhulupiriro zawo zamalamulo.
Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko cha Anthropology Yamalamulo
Anthropology ya zamalamulo inayamba ngati gawo la maphunziro kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, ndi zopereka zofunika kuchokera kwa akatswiri monga E. Adamson Hoebel ndi Bronislaw Malinowski. Malinowski, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe wa ku Britain-Poland, anali m'modzi mwa anthu oyamba kuphunzira za malamulo m'magulu "oyambirira". Anazindikira kuti malamulo m'madera am'deralo monga a Trobriands sangalekanitsidwe ndi momwe amakhalira pa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Maphunziro oyambirirawa adatsutsa malingaliro abwino okhudza malamulo, omwe amawona malamulo ngati chinthu chosiyana kwathunthu ndi zinthu zachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
Pakapita nthawi, Legal Anthropology yasintha ndikusintha malinga ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndale, ndi zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ayamba kufufuza momwe malamulo a atsamunda ndi a pambuyo pa atsamunda amakhudzira madera am'deralo, komanso momwe kusalungama kwa malamulo nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'maiko omwe akuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ovomerezeka pamabungwe osiyanasiyana achikhalidwe.
Malamulo ndi Chilungamo Chachikhalidwe
Chilungamo cha anthu ndi lingaliro lokhala ndi mbali zambiri, lomwe limaphatikizapo kufanana, ufulu wa anthu, kugawa zinthu, ndi mwayi wolungama kwa anthu onse m'dera. Komabe, chilungamo cha anthu sichingapezeke kokha kudzera mu malamulo ovomerezeka popanda kuganizira za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Apa ndi pomwe udindo wa Legal Anthropology umakhala wofunikira kwambiri.
1. Kufanana Mwalamulo ndi Magulu Ang'onoang'ono
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zathandiza kwambiri pa maphunziro a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kumvetsetsa kuti malamulo nthawi zambiri salowerera ndale ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chida champhamvu chomwe chimalimbikitsa kusalungama kwa anthu. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, achipembedzo, kapena amuna ndi akazi amakumana ndi tsankho chifukwa malamulo ovomerezeka samagwirizana ndi zenizeni za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya malamulo achikhalidwe m'maiko ambiri, akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ufulu wochepa wovomerezeka kuposa amuna. Komabe, kudzera mu maphunziro a zachikhalidwe cha anthu, titha kuwona kuti m'zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, akazi amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zotsutsa ndi kusintha kuti athetse zofookazi.
2. Malamulo a Chikhalidwe ndi Chilungamo Chobwezeretsa
Kafukufuku wa zamalamulo akuwonetsanso kufunika kwa malamulo achikhalidwe ndi chilungamo chobwezeretsa zinthu m'malo mwa anthu pothetsa mikangano. Machitidwe achilungamo nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kwambiri chilango, pomwe chilungamo chobwezeretsa zinthu m'malo mwa anthu chimayesetsa kukonza ubale womwe wawonongeka ndi upandu kapena kuphwanya malamulo. M'madera ambiri a anthu ammudzi ku Asia, Africa, ndi Latin America, machitidwe achilungamo chobwezeretsa zinthu m'malo mwa anthu amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri kuposa chilango chovomerezeka. Izi zikugwirizananso ndi lingaliro la mgwirizano wa anthu ndi mgwirizano, zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa chilango chokha.
3. Malamulo ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe
Mbali ina ya chilungamo cha anthu yomwe imawonedwa kudzera mu Legal Anthropology ndikumvetsetsa ufulu wa anthu m'madera ammudzi. Malingaliro a ufulu wa anthu nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi mfundo ndi miyambo yakumadzulo, zomwe sizingagwirizane ndi zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe achikhalidwe m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe ufuluwu ungaphatikizidwire mu miyambo yachikhalidwe popanda kutaya tanthauzo lake lakuya.
Phunziro la Nkhani: Malamulo ndi Chilungamo cha Anthu ku Indonesia
Indonesia, yokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zipembedzo, ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, imapereka zitsanzo zambiri zosangalatsa zofufuzira pankhani ya Legal Anthropology ndi chilungamo cha anthu. M'madera angapo a Indonesia, malamulo achikhalidwe amakhudzabe moyo wa anthu ammudzi, ngakhale atakumana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi boma.
1. Malamulo a Chikhalidwe ndi Mikangano ya Ulimi
M'madera ambiri ku Indonesia, mikangano yaulimi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi malamulo achikhalidwe ndi malamulo aboma. Madera okhala ndi anthu ammudzi nthawi zambiri amaona kuti ufulu wawo wokhala ndi malo ndi zinthu sizikuvomerezedwa ndi malamulo aboma, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukana mfundo za boma zomwe amaziona kuti sizolungama. Mkangano pakati pa PT Freeport ku Papua ndi madera okhala ndi anthu ammudzi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi pomwe malamulo aboma ndi achikhalidwe amasemphana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusalungama kwakukulu pakati pa anthu ammudzi.
2. Chilungamo Chobwezeretsa mu Dayak Society
Ku Kalimantan, anthu a Dayak amagwiritsa ntchito njira yachikhalidwe yolungama yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakubwezeretsa ndi kubwezeretsanso ubale m'malo mopereka chilango chokhwima. Mu njira imeneyi, olakwa nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi njira yolankhulirana yokhudza akuluakulu achikhalidwe ndi wozunzidwayo, ndi cholinga chofika pamtendere womwe ungakhutiritse onse omwe akukhudzidwa.
3. Akazi mu Malamulo a Chikhalidwe a ku Acehnese
Mu Aceh, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achikhalidwe ndi sharia yachisilamu kumakhudza moyo wa chikhalidwe cha akazi ndi ufulu wawo. Anthropology yalamulo ingapereke chidziwitso chakuya cha momwe akazi aku Acehnese amayendetsera malamulo achikhalidwe ndi sharia, komanso momwe amafotokozera chilungamo pazochitika zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku.
Zopereka ndi Mavuto a Anthropology Yamalamulo
Anthropology ya zamalamulo imapereka zinthu zambiri zofunika pakumvetsetsa ndikupititsa patsogolo chilungamo cha anthu. Kudzera mu maphunziro ndi kusanthula kwakuya, akatswiri azamalamulo amatha kuzindikira machitidwe omwe amalimbikitsa kusalungama kwa anthu ndikupeza njira zomangira machitidwe azamalamulo ophatikizana komanso olungama. Komabe, maphunzirowa akukumananso ndi mavuto akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo nkhani zamakhalidwe abwino pakufufuza ndi zolepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zapezeka pamaphunziro pa mfundo zothandiza za anthu.
Mapeto
Kuphunzira za malamulo kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa malamulo mozama: kuwaona ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, chuma chawo, ndi kapangidwe ka anthu. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, tingapeze njira zothandiza komanso zoyenera zolimbikitsira lamulo ndikukwaniritsa chilungamo chenicheni cha anthu. Kafukufuku wozama wa momwe malamulo ndi chikhalidwe zimagwirira ntchito sikuti amangowonjezera chidziwitso cha sayansi komanso amapereka chithandizo chenicheni pakumanga gulu lolungama komanso lolungama.
