Anthropology Yamalamulo ndi Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo
Anthropology yalamulo ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira zamalamulo ngati chochitika cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Siimangowona lamulo ngati mndandanda wa miyambo yolembedwa yopangidwa ndi boma, koma m'malo mwake ngati dongosolo la matanthauzo, makhalidwe, ndi machitidwe omwe alipo mkati mwa anthu. Pankhani yolimbikitsa chilungamo, anthropology yalamulo imapereka lingaliro lofunika: chilungamo sichimamveka mofanana nthawi zonse ndi anthu ammudzi uliwonse, ndipo kugwira ntchito kwa lamulo kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha gulu , ubale wamphamvu, miyambo, ndi zokumana nazo zakale. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa kuchirikiza chilungamo kudzera mu lingaliro la anthropology yalamulo kumatithandiza kuwona kuti nkhani zamalamulo nthawi zambiri zimapitirira "choyenera ndi cholakwika" cha zolemba zamalamulo; zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi moyo wa anthu.
Lamulo ngati Chikhalidwe
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe ndi moyo wonse wophunziridwa komanso wobadwa nawo, kuphatikizapo makhalidwe abwino, zizindikiro, malamulo, ndi miyambo. Malamulo—olembedwa komanso osalembedwa—amabadwa kuchokera ku chikhalidwe ichi. Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe cha anthu mwalamulo chimayang'ana kwambiri pa malamulo amoyo, omwe ndi miyambo ndi njira zowongolera zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito m'miyoyo yawo yatsiku ndi tsiku. M'madera ambiri, mikangano nthawi zonse simathetsedwa kudzera m'milandu ya khothi; m'malo mwake, imathetsedwa kudzera m'makambirano a m'banja, mabungwe achikhalidwe, atsogoleri achipembedzo, kapena njira zamtendere zozikidwa pa mgwirizano.
Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumatsutsa lingaliro lakuti boma ndiye gwero lokhalo la malamulo. Mu dziko lokhala ndi anthu ambiri monga Indonesia, machitidwe osiyanasiyana olamulira amakhalapo: malamulo aboma, malamulo achikhalidwe , malamulo achipembedzo, ndi malamulo am'deralo. Anthropology yamalamulo imafufuza momwe machitidwewa amagwirira ntchito, kupikisana, komanso kukambirana wina ndi mnzake. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kusunga chilungamo sikungokhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka, koma ndi njira yovuta yolumikizirana.
Kuchuluka kwa Malamulo ndi Mavuto Okhudza Kutsatira Chilungamo
Lingaliro lofunika kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malamulo ambiri, kukhalapo kwa malamulo oposa limodzi mkati mwa malo amodzi ochezera. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kungapangitse njira zothetsera mikangano kukhala yopindulitsa, komanso kungayambitse kusamvana. Mwachitsanzo, zisankho za mabungwe odziwika bwino omwe amagogomezera kubwezeretsa chikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zina zimasiyana ndi njira ya boma yolangira milandu, yomwe imagogomezera kulanga wolakwayo. Akuluakulu a zamalamulo akamagwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka popanda kumvetsetsa momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chilili, zisankho zimatha kuonedwa ngati zosalungama ndi anthu ammudzi, ngakhale zitakhala "zolondola" mwalamulo.
Kumbali ina, malamulo osiyanasiyana angaperekenso mwayi wokambirana za ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Njira zina zachikhalidwe zingakhale zothandiza pakusunga mgwirizano, koma zitha kunyalanyaza kuteteza magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo—monga akazi, ana, kapena anthu ena ochepa—ngati mfundo zazikulu ndi za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Anthropology yazamalamulo siipangitsa kuti miyambo ikhale yosangalatsa; m'malo mwake, imayang'ana mozama momwe miyambo yakumaloko imagwirira ntchito, ndani amapindula, ndani amavulazidwa, komanso momwe ubale wa mphamvu umakhudzira "chilungamo" chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha zimenezi.
Chilungamo: Pakati pa Ndondomeko ndi Zofunika
Mu malamulo amakono, chilungamo nthawi zambiri chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira: umboni, mboni, umboni wa akatswiri, ndi mlandu wa khothi womwe umatsatira malamulo. Izi zimatchedwa chilungamo cha njira—chilungamo chifukwa njirayo imatsatira malamulo. Komabe, anthu nthawi zambiri amaweruza chilungamo kuchokera ku lingaliro lenileni: kaya zotsatira zake zimaonedwa ngati zachilungamo, zimakonza mavuto, ndikukonza dongosolo la anthu. Anthropology ya zamalamulo ikuwonetsa kuti kusiyana pakati pa awiriwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala chifukwa cha kusakhutira kwa anthu ndi mabungwe azamalamulo.
Mwachitsanzo, pa mikangano ya malo, anthu okhala m'dzikolo angaganize kuti alandira malo monga mwa lamulo lachikhalidwe, malire achilengedwe, kapena kukumbukira anthu onse. Komabe, akakumana ndi zikalata zovomerezeka za umwini kapena zilolezo za kampani, zopempha zawo zimaonedwa ngati zofooka m'mabwalo azamalamulo aboma. Mwanjira ina, zikalata zovomerezeka zimapambana; koma kwenikweni, anthu okhala m'dzikolo amaona kuti alandidwa ufulu wawo. Anthropology ya zamalamulo imathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mikangano yamtunduwu nthawi zambiri imayambitsa kutsutsa, ziwonetsero, komanso ngakhale kuphwanya malamulo kwa anthu okhala m'dzikolo.
Udindo wa Mabungwe Achikhalidwe Pakuthetsa Mikangano
Kutsatira chilungamo sikumangochitika m'khoti lokha. M'madera ambiri, mabungwe a anthu monga mabanja akuluakulu, akuluakulu achikhalidwe, anthu opembedza, mabungwe ammudzi, ndi maukonde a anthu ammudzi amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakulamulira khalidwe ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Kafukufuku wa zamalamulo amafufuza njira monga kuyimira pakati mwachikhalidwe, kulipira malipiro, miyambo yamtendere, ndi malumbiro achikhalidwe ngati njira zobwezeretsera mgwirizano wa anthu.
Njira imeneyi ikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la chilungamo chobwezeretsa, lomwe limagogomezera kuchira kwa ozunzidwa, udindo wa olakwa, ndi kubwezeretsa ubale wa anthu. Chilungamo chobwezeretsa chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri pamene dongosolo la chilungamo lovomerezeka likukumana ndi milandu yambiri, ndalama zambiri, njira zazitali, kapena kusakhulupirirana ndi anthu. Komabe, kuphatikiza njira zosavomerezeka mu dongosolo lovomerezeka kumafuna kusamala kuti tipewe kupanga kusalingana kwatsopano, monga kukakamiza anthu kuti "akhazikitse" popanda malipiro okwanira.
Mphamvu, Kusalingana, ndi Kuphwanya Malamulo
Kafukufuku wa zamalamulo akuwonetsanso kuti lamulo sililowerera ndale. Limagwira ntchito mkati mwa mphamvu . Kupeza chilungamo nthawi zambiri kumakhudzidwa ndi gulu la anthu, maphunziro, malo, ndi maukonde andale. Magulu osauka angakhale ndi vuto lopeza thandizo la zamalamulo, pomwe magulu amphamvu amakhala ndi nthawi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito njira ndi zinthu kuti apambane mikangano. M'mikhalidwe yotereyi, olamulira malamulo akhoza kukhala chida chowongolera anthu chomwe chimapondereza magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo.
Nkhani yokhudza milandu ndi nkhani yomwe imakambidwa kawirikawiri. Pamene zochita za nzika—monga kuteteza malo, ndondomeko zotsutsa, kapena kuchita zinthu zosavomerezeka zachuma—zikuoneka kuti zikusokoneza zofuna zina, lamulo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzilamulira. Anthropology ya zamalamulo imafufuza momwe dzina lakuti "woswa lamulo" limapangidwira, nkhani zimamangidwa, ndipo akuluakulu amachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi maubwenzi amphamvu. Kumvetsetsa njira zachikhalidwe zimenezi kumalola kuwunika bwino kwambiri za kukhazikitsidwa kwa chilungamo.
Anthropology Yalamulo M'nkhani ya ku Indonesia
Kusiyanasiyana kwa mafuko, zipembedzo, ndi miyambo ku Indonesia kwayambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo achikhalidwe. M'madera angapo, mabungwe achikhalidwe akadali ndi gawo lofunikira pakuthetsa mikangano yokhudza ukwati, cholowa, malo achikhalidwe, ndi kuphwanya miyambo ya anthu . Boma limazindikiranso madera achikhalidwe kudzera mu mfundo zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwake sikumakhala kofanana nthawi zonse. M'zochitika, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kukangana pakati pa kuvomereza mwalamulo, zofuna zachuma, ndi kayendetsedwe ka boma.
Kuphunzira za anthu mwalamulo kungakhale chida chofunikira kwa opanga mfundo, makhothi, ndi akuluakulu a zamalamulo kuti amvetse bwino zomwe zikuchitika m'deralo asanapange zisankho. Njira yowunikira anthu m'madera osiyanasiyana—kuyang'ana mwachindunji moyo wa anthu ammudzi, kuyankhulana mozama, ndikumvetsetsa tanthauzo la m'deralo—ingachepetse kusamvana ndikuwonjezera kuvomerezeka kwa zisankho zamalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, m'mikangano ya zachilengedwe, kupanga mapu ogwirizana komanso kuzindikira malire achikhalidwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri popewa kukwera kwachuma kusiyana ndi njira zopondereza chabe.
Zotsatira za Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo
Kutsatira malamulo okhudza chikhalidwe sikutanthauza kulekerera kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu m'dzina la miyambo. M'malo mwake, maphunziro a zamalamulo amalimbikitsa kulinganiza: kulemekeza njira zogwira mtima za m'deralo komanso kuonetsetsa kuti ufulu wa anthu ndi magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo umatetezedwa. Chifukwa chake, pali zotsatirapo zingapo zofunika zomwe zingaganizidwe.
Choyamba, maphunziro a apolisi ayenera kuphatikizapo kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso luso lolankhulana ndi anthu ammudzi. Chachiwiri, kupeza thandizo lalamulo kuyenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti nzika zisasiyidwe chifukwa cha kusadziwa njira zoyendetsera ntchito. Chachitatu, kuphatikiza chilungamo chobwezeretsa kuyenera kutsagana ndi miyezo yoteteza ozunzidwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa kuti zisakhale chida chokakamiza. Chachinayi, kuzindikira madera a anthu ammudzi ndi ufulu wa anthu onse, monga malo achikhalidwe, kuyenera kutsagana ndi njira zomveka bwino zoyendetsera kuti zisagwetsedwe mosavuta ndi zikalata zovomerezeka kuchokera ku magulu ena.
Kutseka
Kuphunzira za malamulo kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino malamulo ndi chilungamo. Kumasonyeza kuti lamulo si nkhani chabe, koma ndi njira yodziwika bwino yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, mphamvu, ndi mbiri. Polimbikitsa chilungamo, njira yophunzirira za chikhalidwe cha anthu imathandiza kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa njira zovomerezeka ndi momwe anthu amaonera chilungamo. Mwa kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa malamulo, kufufuza ubale wa mphamvu, ndi kumvetsetsa njira zothetsera mikangano m'deralo, titha kupanga njira yovomerezeka, yachifundo, komanso yogwira mtima yogwiritsira ntchito chilungamo. Pomaliza, chilungamo sichimangokhudza chilango chokha, komanso kubwezeretsa, kuteteza, ndi kusunga ulemu wa anthu m'moyo wa anthu onse.
