Kapangidwe ka Chiphunzitso pa Fuko ndi Fuko
Pendauluan
Mu maphunziro a sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, mawu akuti fuko ndi fuko nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu kutengera komwe adachokera, chikhalidwe, chilankhulo, ndi umunthu wawo wonse. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana m'makambirano a tsiku ndi tsiku, awiriwa ali ndi matanthauzo osiyana a malingaliro ndipo ali ndi tanthauzo la chiphunzitso ndi ndale. Kumvetsetsa "malingaliro a chiphunzitso" cha fuko ndi fuko kumatanthauza kuwaona osati ngati mfundo zamoyo kapena zilembo zoyendetsera, koma monga zotsatira za njira zachikhalidwe, mbiri yakale, ndi ndale zomwe zimapangitsa momwe anthu amasonkhana ndi ena. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza maziko amalingaliro a fuko ndi fuko, momwe asayansi a chikhalidwe cha anthu amawamvetsetsera, ndi momwe amawafotokozera. Lingaliroli limagwira ntchito m'dziko lamakono.
Fuko monga Gulu la Anthu ndi Chikhalidwe
Mawu akuti "fuko" m'nkhani ya ku Indonesia nthawi zambiri amatanthauza magulu a anthu omwe ali ndi chiyambi chofanana, zilankhulo za m'madera osiyanasiyana, miyambo, ndi machitidwe abwino. Komabe, mwachiphunzitso, "fuko" nthawi zambiri sili gulu losalowerera ndale. Mu anthropology yakale, mafuko nthawi zambiri amamveka ngati magulu achikhalidwe okhala m'dera linalake, okhala ndi maubale olimba, komanso okhala ndi "ofanana" mwachikhalidwe. Malingaliro amenewa adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi njira zokhulupirira chisinthiko ndi magwiridwe antchito a anthropology yoyambirira, zomwe zidayika magulu pamlingo wotukuka kuyambira "wosavuta" mpaka "wovuta."
Vuto ndilakuti, njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imapangitsa kuti zinthu zizikhala zosavuta. M'machitidwe, magulu otchedwa "mafuko" nthawi zambiri sakhala ofanana, odzipatula, ndipo nthawi zonse sakhala ndi malire omveka bwino. Magulu ambiri amakumana ndi kusuntha, kukwatirana, komanso kusinthana chikhalidwe m'madera osiyanasiyana . Chifukwa chake, asayansi ena a zachikhalidwe amakhulupirira kuti "fuko" limamveka bwino ngati gulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu lomwe limapangidwa kudzera m'mbiri yayitali yolumikizana, kuphatikizapo zomwe zinachitika mu ulamuliro wa atsamunda, kupangidwa kwa mayiko, ndi mfundo zoyendetsera anthu.
Fuko monga Chizindikiro Chosinthika
Mosiyana ndi "fuko," lomwe nthawi zambiri limamveka ngati gulu la chikhalidwe, fuko nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito kugogomezera mbali za umunthu ndi ubale wa anthu. Fuko ndi momwe anthu ndi magulu amadzifotokozera okha—ndipo amafotokozedwa ndi ena—kutengera zizindikiro monga chilankhulo, chipembedzo, miyambo, kukumbukira mbiri yakale, komwe kunachokera, kapena zizindikiro zinazake monga zovala ndi chakudya.
Mu chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chamakono, fuko limaonedwa ngati losinthasintha komanso logwirizana ndi nkhani. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kudziwika kwa fuko kumatha kulimba kapena kufooka kutengera momwe zinthu zilili. Mwachitsanzo, munthu angamve ngati "wafuko kwambiri" akakhala m'malo ocheperako, kapena akakumana ndi tsankho. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kudziwika kwa fuko kumatha kuchepa akakhala m'malo ochezera omwe amagogomezera kufanana kwina, monga ntchito, gulu la anthu, kapena dziko.
Kubadwa Kwatsopano: Fuko monga Mgwirizano wa "Chibadwidwe"
Njira imodzi yoyambirira yophunzirira za mafuko inali chiphunzitso cha makolo. Maganizo amenewa amaona kuti kudziwika kwa mafuko ndi mgwirizano wofunika kwambiri pakati pa anthu kuyambira kubadwa—wolumikizidwa ndi magazi, makolo, chilankhulo cha makolo, ndi miyambo ya makolo. Malinga ndi maganizo amenewa, maubwenzi a mafuko ndi olimba, amaganizo, komanso osasinthika chifukwa amakhala m'zokumana nazo pa moyo kuyambira ali mwana.
Kukhulupirira kuti anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ofunikira kwambiri kumathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mgwirizano wa mafuko ungakhale wamphamvu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo pakakhala mikangano kapena mpikisano wa zinthu. Komabe, kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa njira imeneyi ndi chizolowezi chake choona mafuko ngati okhazikika komanso "achilengedwe," ngakhale pali umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti mafuko amatha kusintha, kukambidwa, komanso "kusinthidwa" malinga ndi zosowa za anthu komanso zandale.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida: Fuko ngati Chida Chandale ndi Zachuma
Mosiyana ndi miyambo yakale, kugwiritsa ntchito zida kumaona fuko ngati njira yothandiza. Kudziwika kwa fuko kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chida chopezera chithandizo cha ndale, mwayi wopeza ndalama, kapena maubwino a anthu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, atsogoleri andale kapena atsogoleri amagulu amatha kuyambitsa zizindikiro za fuko kuti amange mgwirizano, kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri, ndikulimbitsa malo awo okambirana.
Kuphunzitsa zida zankhondo kumafotokoza chifukwa chake mafuko nthawi zambiri amakula nthawi ya zisankho, nthawi yogawa thandizo, kapena pamene mikangano pakati pa magulu ibuka. Fuko silimatha, koma "limayatsidwa" nthawi zina chifukwa limakhala ndi phindu lenileni. Kutsutsa njira imeneyi ndi chiopsezo chochepetsa kudziwika kwa fuko kukhala kungokhala kusokoneza anthu apamwamba, pomwe kwa ambiri, fuko ndi chidziwitso chenicheni chamaganizo ndi chikhalidwe.
Kupanga Zinthu: Fuko Monga Zotsatira Ntchito Yomanga Anthu
Njira yothandiza kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa ndi constructivism. Lingaliro limeneli likugogomezera kuti fuko si "lobadwa nalo" lokha, koma limapangidwa kudzera mu njira zovuta za chikhalidwe: maphunziro, atolankhani, mfundo za boma, mbiri ya kusamuka, ndi kuyanjana pakati pa magulu. Kudziwika kwa mafuko kumapangidwa ndikubwerezedwanso kudzera mu nkhani zogawana, zizindikiro, ndi miyambo.
Constructivism imagogomezeranso kuti malire a mafuko si mizere yokhazikika; amapangidwa kudzera mu njira ya "kusiyanitsa." Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri pakuphunzira za mafuko ndi lingaliro lakuti chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri si chikhalidwe cha gulu, koma malire a chikhalidwe omwe amasiyanitsa "ife" ndi "iwo." Malire awa akhoza kusungidwa kudzera muukwati wamkati, malingaliro olakwika, malamulo achikhalidwe, kapena kulekanitsa anthu.
Fuko, Mtundu, ndi Dziko-Boma
M'nkhani yamakono, kukambirana za mafuko ndi mafuko sikusiyana ndi malingaliro a fuko ndi dziko. M'mbuyomu, mafuko akhala akugwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa thupi, koma akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti fuko ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu—chomwe chimapangidwa ndi mbiri ya atsamunda ndi ulamuliro. Nthawi zina mafuko “amasanduka amitundu” pamene makhalidwe akuthupi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza kuti magulu ena azichita zinthu mosiyana.
Mayiko ndi mayiko nawonso amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga umunthu. Kudzera mu kalembera, maphunziro, mfundo za zilankhulo, ndi kayendetsedwe ka madera, mayiko amatha kugawa anthu m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina, mayiko amalimbikitsa kugwirizana kuti pakhale mgwirizano wa dziko; nthawi zina, amazindikira kuchuluka kwa anthu kudzera mu ufulu wa madera, kuzindikira madera a anthu ammudzi, kapena kuteteza anthu ochepa. Motero, fuko ndi fuko si nkhani zachikhalidwe zokha komanso zokhudzana ndi ulamuliro, mphamvu, ndi ufulu wa nzika.
Kudziwika Kosiyanasiyana ndi Kuyanjana kwa Magulu
Anthu paokha sali ndi umunthu umodzi wokha. Wina akhoza kukhala wa fuko linalake, kukhala ndi umunthu winawake wa fuko kapena chipembedzo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kukhala wa gulu linalake la anthu, jenda, ndi mbadwo. Lingaliro la kuyanjana limathandiza kumvetsetsa momwe umunthu umenewu umagwirizanirana ndikupanga zochitika zapadera za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, zokumana nazo za mkazi wochokera ku gulu la anthu ochepa amtundu wina zitha kusiyana ndi za mwamuna wochokera ku gulu lomwelo, chifukwa ubale wa amuna ndi akazi ndi mwayi wopeza chuma zimakhudza udindo wawo pagulu.
M'madera akumatauni ndi padziko lonse lapansi, kudziwika kwa mafuko kukukulirakulira. Kusamuka, maphunziro amakono, ndi njira zolumikizirana pa intaneti zimathandiza anthu kuti azitha kutengera kudziwika kosiyanasiyana: kusunga miyambo ya mabanja komanso kupanga njira zatsopano za moyo, zamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zachikhalidwe.
Kutseka
Kapangidwe ka mfundo za mafuko ndi mafuko kamasonyeza kuti si magulu achilengedwe okha, koma ndi malingaliro opangidwa ndi mbiri, kuyanjana ndi anthu, ndi mphamvu. Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zachikhalidwe zimayambira pa chiyambi cha dziko kumagogomezera kuzama kwa ubale wa makolo, kukonda zinthu zachikhalidwe kumaona mtundu ngati chida chanzeru, pomwe kukonda zinthu zachikhalidwe kumaika mtundu ngati umunthu womangidwa komanso wogwirizana. Mu zenizeni za anthu, zitatuzi zimatha kuthandizana kufotokoza chifukwa chake nthawi zina mtundu umawoneka wokhazikika, nthawi zina umasintha, ndipo nthawi zina umakhala gwero la mgwirizano kapena mikangano. Kumvetsetsa mfundo imeneyi ndikofunikira kuti tithe kuwerenga kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu mwatsatanetsatane, kupewa malingaliro olakwika, ndikupanga mfundo zofanana m'magulu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.
