Anthropology ya Ndale ndi Kapangidwe ka Mphamvu
Anthropology yandale ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira za ndale za moyo wa anthu m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Cholinga chachikulu cha anthropology yandale ndi momwe mphamvu zimapezedwera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kusungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana azikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mfundo zazikulu za anthropology yandale ndi kapangidwe ka mphamvu, komanso momwe maphunzirowa amaperekera chidziwitso chapadera pa ubale pakati pa mphamvu ndi anthu.
Chiyambi cha Anthropology ya Ndale
Anthropology ya ndale inayamba kukula ngati gawo losiyana kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Akatswiri a anthropology anayamba kuzindikira kuti madera a ndale ndi mphamvu zinali zofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa anthu onse. Mmodzi mwa anthu oyamba mu gawoli anali Max Gluckmann, yemwe anagogomezera kufunika kofufuza njira zothetsera mikangano ndi kuthetsa mikangano m'magulu.
Anthropology yandale siimangofufuza mabungwe ovomerezeka monga maboma, zipani zandale, ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso machitidwe amphamvu m'madera ang'onoang'ono, mafuko, mafuko, ndi anthu am'deralo. Izi zimathandiza akatswiri a anthropology kumvetsetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe mphamvu ndi ulamuliro zimakonzedwera.
Malingaliro mu Anthropology Yandale
Pali mfundo zingapo zofunika mu anthropology yandale zomwe zimathandiza kufotokoza momwe mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito m'gulu la anthu:
1. Chiphunzitso cha Structural-Functionalist:
Chiphunzitsochi, chomwe chinatchuka ndi Talcott Parsons ndi A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, chimanena kuti anthu ndi machitidwe okonzedwa momwe gawo lililonse lili ndi ntchito yakeyake. Pankhani yandale, mabungwe monga boma amati amagwira ntchito kuti asunge bata ndi bata m'gulu.
2. Chiphunzitso cha Mikangano:
Chiphunzitso cha mikangano, chogwirizana ndi Karl Marx ndi Max Gluckmann, chimaona mphamvu ngati zotsatira za mikangano ndi kulimbana pakati pa magulu opikisana. Mphamvu nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ngati chida chopondereza magulu opanda mphamvu.
3. Chiphunzitso cha Bungwe:
Posachedwapa, chiphunzitso cha bungwe, chotsogozedwa ndi Anthony Giddens ndi Pierre Bourdieu, chagogomezera kufunika kwa anthu ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono pakupanga ndi kusintha kapangidwe ka mphamvu. Chiphunzitsochi chikuzindikira kuti anthu ndi magulu ali ndi mphamvu zodzichitira okha, ngakhale mkati mwa kapangidwe kooneka ngati kolimba.
4. Chiphunzitso cha Pambuyo pa Ukoloni:
Chiphunzitso cha pambuyo pa ukoloni, choimiridwa ndi akatswiri monga Edward Said ndi Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, chikuwonetsa momwe mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi zimakhudzidwira ndi mbiri ya ukoloni ndi ulamuliro wa mafumu. Chiphunzitsochi chikugogomezera kufunika komvetsetsa momwe ubale wa mphamvu m'mikhalidwe ya ukoloni ndi pambuyo pa ukoloni umagwirira ntchito. kukhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo.
Kapangidwe ka Mphamvu mu Anthu
Kapangidwe ka mphamvu m'madera osiyanasiyana kangasiyane kwambiri kutengera chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi mbiri yakale. Nazi mitundu ina ya kapangidwe ka mphamvu yomwe imakambidwa kawirikawiri mu anthropology yandale:
1. Mphamvu Zachikhalidwe:
Mphamvu zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimadalira miyambo, chikhalidwe, ndi kuvomerezeka kwa cholowa. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mphamvu za mafumu kapena mafumu a mafuko m'madera a anthu wamba. Mu mphamvu zachikhalidwe, ulamuliro nthawi zambiri umakhala wolowa ndipo umayendetsedwa ndi miyambo yolimba yachikhalidwe.
2. Mphamvu ya Chikoka:
Mphamvu yachikoka imachokera ku makhalidwe kapena luso la munthu lomwe otsatira ake amaliona ngati lapadera. Max Weber adazindikira mphamvu yachikoka ngati imodzi mwa mitundu itatu ya ulamuliro (pamodzi ndi nzeru, malamulo ndi miyambo). Anthu monga atsogoleri achipembedzo, osintha zinthu, kapena atsogoleri andale olemekezeka angapeze mphamvu kudzera mu chikoka chawo.
3. Mphamvu Zalamulo ndi Zanzeru:
Mphamvu yalamulo ndi yanzeru imachokera pa dongosolo la malamulo ndi malamulo ovomerezeka mwalamulo. Kapangidwe ka mphamvu kameneka kamapezeka nthawi zambiri mu chikhalidwe chamakono kumene mphamvu zimavomerezedwa kudzera mu malamulo ndi malamulo. Mabungwe monga boma, makhothi, ndi nyumba zamalamulo ndi zitsanzo za dongosolo la mphamvu zomveka bwino komanso zovomerezeka.
4. Mphamvu Zachuma:
Mphamvu zachuma zimakhudzana ndi kulamulira chuma, monga malo, ndalama, ndi antchito. M'madera ambiri, magulu a anthu amatha kukhudza kugawidwa kwa mphamvu zachuma. Chitsanzo ndi capitalism, komwe eni ake a ndalama ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pakukhazikitsa mfundo zachuma ndi ndale.
5. Mphamvu Zandale:
Mphamvu zandale zikutanthauza kuthekera kopeza, kukopa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro mkati mwa boma kapena bungwe lina landale. Mabungwe amphamvu andale amatha kuphatikizapo zipani zandale, opanga malamulo, ndi akuluakulu aboma.
Maphunziro a Nkhani mu Anthropology ya Ndale
Kuti mumvetse bwino momwe mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana, nazi zitsanzo zofunika kwambiri mu maphunziro a anthu andale:
1. Anthu a ku Acehnese ku Indonesia:
Kafukufuku wa anthu a ku Acehnese akusonyeza momwe mphamvu zachikhalidwe ndi zamakono zingagwirizanire. Ku Aceh, pali njira yamphamvu yachikhalidwe yotchedwa "nanggroe" pamodzi ndi ulamuliro wamakono. Atsogoleri achikhalidwe (ulama) ndi atsogoleri andale ovomerezeka nthawi zambiri ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti alamulire ndikuwongolera anthu.
2. Dongosolo la Mafuko ku East Africa:
Magulu ambiri a anthu akum'mawa kwa Africa, monga a Maasai, ali ndi dongosolo la mphamvu zochokera ku mafuko. Mafumu a mafuko ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu ndipo ali ndi udindo wogawa chuma ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa mamembala a mafuko. Dongosololi limasonyeza mtundu wa mphamvu zachikhalidwe zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
3. Boma la Mudzi ku Mexico:
M'midzi yambiri ya ku Mexico, boma la m'deralo limakonzedwa kudzera mu njira yotchedwa "usos y costumbres" (miyambo ndi miyambo). Dongosololi limalola anthu akumidzi kusankha atsogoleri awo kutengera mgwirizano ndi miyambo ya m'deralo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasiyana ndi dongosolo la boma la dziko.
Mapeto
Anthropology yandale imatithandiza kumvetsetsa zovuta za mphamvu m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Mwa kufufuza malingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, akatswiri a anthropology angathandize kupeza njira zomwe magulu osiyanasiyana amakonzera miyoyo yawo yandale. Mapangidwe a mphamvu—kaya achikhalidwe, achikoka, alamulo-anzeru, azachuma, kapena andale—amasonyeza kuti palibe njira imodzi yokha yomvetsetsera mphamvu. Kudzera m'maphunziro ochokera padziko lonse lapansi, anthropology yandale ikupitiliza kukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito m'miyoyo ya anthu.
Motero, maphunziro a zandale amapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana komanso olemera kuti timvetsetse ubale pakati pa anthu, magulu, ndi mabungwe m'malo osiyanasiyana amphamvu. Ndi gawo lomwe likupitirirabe kusintha ndipo limakhala lofunika kwambiri m'dziko losintha, lomwe limatipatsa zida zofunika zowunikira kuti timvetsetse ndikuthana ndi mavuto andale amakono.
