Kuphunzira za Chikhalidwe ndi Malamulo a Anthu
Pendauluan
Anthropology ndi nthambi ya sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu yomwe imaphunzira za anthu ndi mbali zina za chikhalidwe chawo, monga chilankhulo, miyambo, zikhulupiriro, ndi zaluso. Mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri yomwe imaphunziridwa mu anthropology ndi miyambo ndi malamulo achikhalidwe omwe amagwira ntchito m'dera. Malamulo ndi malamulo achikhalidwe awa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga, kuwongolera, ndi kuwongolera khalidwe la anthu ndi magulu mkati mwa chikhalidwe china. Kafukufuku wa anthropology pa miyambo ndi malamulo achikhalidwe cholinga chake ndi kumvetsetsa bwino momwe magulu a anthu amadzikonzerera okha komanso momwe kuyanjana kwa anthu kumapangikira ndikusungidwa.
Kumvetsetsa Malamulo ndi Malamulo a Chikhalidwe
Norma
Malamulo ndi malamulo kapena miyezo ya khalidwe yomwe ikuyembekezeka mkati mwa gulu kapena anthu. Malamulo amathandiza kulinganiza kuyanjana kwa anthu ndikuchepetsa mikangano mkati mwa anthu ammudzi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya malamulo: ovomerezeka ndi osavomerezeka. Malamulo ovomerezeka akuphatikizapo malamulo olembedwa ndi olembedwa, monga malamulo kapena malamulo aboma. Pakadali pano, malamulo osavomerezeka akuphatikizapo malamulo osalembedwa, monga miyambo, makhalidwe abwino, ndi makhalidwe abwino.
Malamulo achikhalidwe
Malamulo achikhalidwe ndi malamulo omwe anthu ammudzi amavomerezana ndipo amavomerezedwa ngati njira yowongolera zochita ndi ubale pakati pa anthu ammudzimo. Malamulo achikhalidwe ndi osalembedwa ngati lamulo lovomerezeka, koma ali ndi mphamvu yomweyo yokhudza ndikuwongolera khalidwe la munthu aliyense. M'madera osiyanasiyana a Indonesia, malamulo achikhalidwe amachitidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo pakuthetsa mikangano ya malo, miyambo yaukwati, miyambo yachipembedzo, ndi zina zotero.
Ntchito za Malamulo ndi Malamulo a Chikhalidwe
Makonda a Anthu Ocheza Nawo
Malamulo ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe ndi zida zowongolera ndikuwongolera khalidwe la munthu aliyense m'dera. Kukhalapo kwa malamulo ogwirizana kumathandiza kupanga dongosolo la anthu logwirizana komanso lolinganizika. Mwachitsanzo, m'dera la anthu a ku Minangkabau, malamulo okhudza mabanja amalamulira kugawa chuma ndi mphamvu kudzera m'banja la amayi, ndikusunga mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi chuma m'derali.
Woyang'anira Zachikhalidwe
Kuwonjezera pa kuwongolera khalidwe, miyambo ndi malamulo achikhalidwe amagwiranso ntchito ngati njira zowongolera chikhalidwe cha anthu. Munthu akaphwanya lamulo kapena lamulo lachikhalidwe, anthu ammudzi amakhala ndi njira zinazake zothanirana ndi kuphwanya lamulo, monga kudzera mu zilango zachikhalidwe kapena miyambo yachikhalidwe . Kulamulira kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti anthu azitsatira malamulo omwe agwirizana.
Kupanga Chidziwitso
Malamulo ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe imathandizanso kwambiri pakupanga umunthu wa gulu . Miyambo ndi malamulo omwe ndi apadera kwa anthu ammudzi amapereka makhalidwe apadera ndipo amalimbitsa mgwirizano ndi umunthu wa anthu onse. Mwachitsanzo, mwambo wa Ngaben ku Bali sumangolemekeza makolo okha komanso umalimbitsa umunthu wa anthu a ku Balinese.
Malamulo a Chikhalidwe m'madera osiyanasiyana
West Sumatra (Minangkabau)
Mu dera la Minangkabau, malamulo ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe imatengedwa kuchokera ku mfundo ya "Adat Basandi Syara', Syara' Basandi Kitabullah" (Mwambo Wochokera pa Sharia, Sharia Yochokera pa Buku la Allah). Mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ya malamulo achikhalidwe a Minangkabau ndi dongosolo la matrilineal, momwe mzere ndi umwini wa malo zimadutsa kudzera kumbali ya amayi. Izi zimakhudza kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe ndi zachuma cha anthu ammudzi wa Minangkabau, komwe akazi amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri m'banja ndi m'mudzi.
Bali
Ku Bali, malamulo achikhalidwe amadziwika kuti "desa adat" kapena "desa pakraman," omwe ali ndi mphamvu zowongolera mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa anthu, monga miyambo yachikhalidwe, kugawa malo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Malamulo achikhalidwe ku Bali amagwirizana kwambiri ndi Chihindu cha ku Balinese, kotero malamulo ambiri achikhalidwe amachokera ku ziphunzitso za chipembedzochi. Chitsanzo chimodzi chenicheni ndi mwambo wa Ngaben, mwambo wowotcha mtembo womwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa ku Balinese.
Papua
Ku Papua, malamulo achikhalidwe amasiyana malinga ndi fuko, koma akadali ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakulamulira moyo wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mikangano ya malo nthawi zambiri imathetsedwa kudzera mu kukambirana mwachizolowezi. Malamulo achikhalidwe ku Papua amagwirizananso kwambiri ndi zikhulupiriro zachikhalidwe ndi miyambo yachipembedzo yomwe idaperekedwa kwa mibadwomibadwo.
Kusintha ndi Mavuto mu Nthawi Yamakono
Kusinthika kwa Dziko Lonse ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu
Kusinthasintha kwa dziko lonse lapansi ndi kusintha kwa zinthu kwakhudza kwambiri kukhazikika kwa miyambo ndi malamulo m'madera osiyanasiyana. Zotsatirazi zitha kukhala zabwino komanso zoyipa. Kumbali imodzi, kusintha kwa zinthu kungabweretse kusintha komwe kungathandize kuti chitukuko cha zachuma ndi ukadaulo chikhale chofulumira. Kumbali ina, kusinthasintha kwa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi kungawopsezenso miyambo ndi malamulo omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi akale kapena osafunikiranso pa zomwe zikuchitika panopa.
Kulowererapo kwa Boma
Kulowererapo kwa boma, kaya mwa njira ya malamulo kapena mfundo, kumakhudzanso kwambiri malamulo ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe. Njira zina zolowererapo zingalimbikitse malamulo achikhalidwe, monga kuzindikira ufulu wachikhalidwe wa malo kapena kuthandizira kusunga chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe . Komabe, palinso njira zomwe zingathe kufooketsa kapena kusintha machitidwe achikhalidwe awa, monga malamulo omwe amalephera kuganizira nzeru zakomweko.
Kusintha ndi Kupirira
Ngakhale kuti akukumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, madera ambiri achikhalidwe akwanitsa kusintha malinga ndi nthawi yosintha pamene akusunga mfundo zazikulu za malamulo ndi miyambo yawo yachikhalidwe. Kusintha kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumachitika popanda kutaya tanthauzo lenileni la miyambo imeneyo. Mwachitsanzo, madera ena achikhalidwe aphatikiza ukadaulo wamakono mu miyambo yachikhalidwe kapena njira zothetsera mikangano.
Mapeto
Kuphunzira za miyambo ndi malamulo achikhalidwe n'kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha ku Indonesia. Malamulo ndi miyambo sizimangogwira ntchito ngati olamulira ndi olamulira anthu, komanso monga zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidziwika komanso kugwirizanitsa madera. Mu nthawi ya kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi komanso kusintha kwa zinthu, mavuto atsopano amabuka kuti miyambo ndi malamulo azikhazikika, koma madera okhala ndi chikhalidwe cholimba amatha kusintha kusinthaku popanda kutaya chikhalidwe chawo.
Kudzera mu njira yophunzirira za chikhalidwe cha anthu, titha kumvetsetsa bwino zovuta komanso zapadera za miyambo ndi malamulo achikhalidwe m'madera osiyanasiyana. Kulemekeza nzeru zakomweko, kusunga chikhalidwe, ndi kuzindikira ufulu wa anthu ammudzi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusunga kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi chuma cha dzikolo.
