Mafunso Okhudza Kapangidwe Kothandizira Kusinthana kwa Gasi
Kusinthana kwa mpweya ndi njira yofunika kwambiri m'zinthu zamoyo, makamaka nyama ndi zomera. Njirayi imachitika m'mapangidwe omwe adapangidwa kuti athandize kufalikira kwa mpweya monga mpweya ndi carbon dioxide. Mwa anthu, mapangidwe awa makamaka ndi mapapo, pomwe m'zomera, kusinthana kwa mpweya kumachitika kudzera mu stomata m'masamba. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mbali zosiyanasiyana za mapangidwe omwe amathandizira kusinthana kwa mpweya kudzera m'mavuto angapo a zitsanzo ndi zokambirana zawo.
Kapangidwe Kothandizira Kusinthana kwa Gasi
Tisanapite ku mafunso achitsanzo, tiyeni tione momwe zinthu zimathandizira kusinthana kwa mpweya m'zinthu zamoyo:
1. Mapapu (anthu ndi nyama zina zoyamwitsa): Mapapuwa amakhala ndi trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, ndi alveoli. Kusinthana kwa mpweya kumachitika makamaka m'ma alveoli, omwe ali ndi makoma opyapyala ndipo amazunguliridwa ndi mitsempha yamagazi.
2. Ma Gill (nsomba): Ma Gill ali ndi ma filamentous lamellae omwe amawonjezera malo osinthira mpweya. Ma Gill amagwiritsanso ntchito mfundo yotsutsana ndi mphepo kuti achulukitse kuyamwa kwa mpweya.
3. Stomata (zomera): Stomata ndi maenje ang'onoang'ono pamwamba pa masamba omwe amalola mpweya woipa kulowa komanso mpweya ndi nthunzi ya madzi kutuluka.
4. Khungu (zamoyo zam'madzi): Nyama zina, monga zamoyo zam'madzi, zimatha kusinthana mpweya kudzera pakhungu lawo lonyowa. Izi zimathandiza kuti mpweya ufalikire mwachindunji kudzera m'maselo a khungu.
Mafunso ndi Zokambirana za Zitsanzo
Tiyeni tikambirane zitsanzo zina za mafunso okhudzana ndi kapangidwe ndi njira zothandizira kusinthana kwa mpweya m'moyo.
Funso 1: Kodi ntchito ya alveoli m'thupi la munthu ndi yotani, ndipo kapangidwe kake kamathandizira bwanji ntchito yake?
Kukambirana:
Ma alveoli ndi mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri m'mapapo a anthu komwe kusinthana kwa mpweya kumachitika. Ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikuthandiza kufalikira kwa mpweya m'magazi ndi mpweya woipa kuchokera m'magazi kupita mumlengalenga. Kapangidwe ka alveoli kamathandizira ntchitoyi m'njira zingapo:
– Makoma Oonda: Alveoli ali ndi makoma oonda kwambiri, okhala ndi gawo limodzi la maselo a epithelial, zomwe zimathandiza kufalitsa mpweya bwino.
– Malo Aakulu: Mabiliyoni a alveoli m'mapapo amapanga malo akuluakulu, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mpweya wambiri usinthane nthawi imodzi.
– Ma Capillaries a Magazi: Ma alveoli ali ndi netiweki ya ma capillaries okhala ndi magazi ambiri, omwe amanyamula magazi okhala ndi mpweya kuchokera ku alveoli ndi magazi okhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide kupita ku alveoli.
– Gawo Lochepa la Madzi: Pamwamba pa alveoli pamakhala madzi ochepa omwe amathandiza kusungunuka kwa mpweya, zomwe zimathandiza kufalikira kwa mpweya.
Funso 2: Kodi njira yosinthira mpweya imagwira ntchito bwanji mu nsomba ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani mfundo yotsutsana ndi mpweya imagwira ntchito bwino mu dongosolo la ma gill?
Kukambirana:
Nsomba zimagwiritsa ntchito ma gill ngati chiwalo chawo chachikulu chosinthira mpweya. Ma gill amakhala ndi zigawo zambiri za filamentous lamellae, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ufalikire kwambiri. Mpweya wochokera m'madzi umafalikira m'magazi mkati mwa ma gill, pomwe mpweya wa carbon dioxide umafalikira m'magazi kupita m'madzi.
Mfundo yotsutsana ndi mphamvu ya thupi ndi njira yomwe imapangitsa kuti ma gill azigwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madzi ndi magazi zimayenda mbali zosiyana kudutsa lamellae. Mfundo imeneyi imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'magazi kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mpweya wambiri utengedwe kuchokera m'madzi kupita m'magazi.
Ubwino wa mfundo yotsutsana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ndi awa:
– Mpweya umatuluka m'madzi omwe nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mpweya wambiri kuposa magazi akamadutsa m'ma lamellae, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino kwambiri.
– Mfundo imeneyi imatenganso mpweya wokwana 80-90% kuchokera m'madzi, bwino kwambiri kuposa makina amagetsi olunjika.
Funso 3: Kambiranani momwe kapangidwe ka stomata kamathandizira kuti kusinthana kwa mpweya m'zomera kugwire bwino ntchito.
Kukambirana:
Stomata ndi nyumba zazing'ono zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati malo osinthira mpweya m'masamba a zomera. Stomata imakhala ndi maselo awiri oteteza omwe amazungulira ma pores ndipo amatha kutsegula kapena kutseka kuti azitha kusintha mpweya.
Mbali zina za stomata zomwe zimathandiza ntchito yawo ndi izi:
- Kutsegula ndi Kutseka: Maselo oteteza matumbo amatha kukula kapena kufinya kuti atsegule kapena kutseka stomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi yabwino yosinthira mpweya isinthe komanso kuchepetsa kutayika kwa madzi kudzera mu mpweya.
– Kugawa Malo: Stomata nthawi zambiri imagawidwa mofanana pamwamba pa tsamba, kuonetsetsa kuti kusinthana kwa mpweya kumachitika mofanana pa tsamba lonse.
– Yankho la Zachilengedwe: Stomata imatha kuyankha chinyezi, kuwala, kuchuluka kwa CO2, komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi a chomera. Masana, stomata zambiri zimakhala zotseguka kuti CO2 ilowemo kuti ipange photosynthesis, pomwe zimatsekedwa usiku kuti zisunge madzi.
Motero, kapangidwe ndi njira za stomata zimathandiza kwambiri kusinthana kwa mpweya pamene chilengedwe chikulola, pamene kuchepetsa kutayika kwa madzi.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake ndi njira zothandizira kusinthana kwa mpweya ndikofunikira kwambiri pophunzira zamoyo za zamoyo. Kudzera mu zitsanzo zomwe zili pamwambapa, titha kuwona momwe kapangidwe ka zamoyo kamakwaniritsira bwino zosowa za kagayidwe kachakudya ka nyama ndi zomera. Pomvetsetsa mfundo izi, tithanso kuneneratu momwe kusintha kwa chilengedwe kudzakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a kusinthana kwa mpweya. Kaya mumlengalenga, m'madzi, kapena pamwamba pa tsamba, mfundo zofalitsa ndi kusintha kwina kumakhalabe maziko ofunikira pa moyo.
