Zitsanzo za Mafunso Okhudza Kapangidwe Kothandizira Kutaya Zinyalala za Kagayidwe ka Zinthu
Dongosolo lotulutsa zinyalala m'zamoyo limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochotsa zinyalala zomwe zimatha kukhala poizoni kapena zovulaza ngati zitasonkhana m'thupi. Zinyalalazi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga urea, carbon dioxide, ndi mchere. Kuti timvetse momwe dongosololi limagwirira ntchito, tiyenera kuphunzira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya ziwalo zotsatirazi zotulutsa zinyalala: impso, chiwindi, mapapo, khungu, ndi dongosolo la lymphatic. Nkhaniyi ikambirana za mavuto osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kapangidwe kake komwe kamathandizira kuchotsa zinyalala m'thupi, pamodzi ndi kufotokozera kwawo.
Chitsanzo Funso 1: Ntchito ya Impso mu Dongosolo Lotulutsa Madzi
Funso:
Fotokozani momwe impso zimathandizira kuchotsa zinyalala m'thupi ndipo fotokozani kapangidwe kake komwe kamachitika mu njirayi!
Kukambirana:
Impso ndi ziwalo zazikulu mu dongosolo lotulutsa madzi, kusefa magazi kuti achotse zinyalala ndi madzi ochulukirapo mu mawonekedwe a mkodzo. Kusefa magazi kumachitika mu ma nephrons, omwe ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono ogwira ntchito a impso. Impso zimadutsa magawo angapo pakutulutsa zinyalala za kagayidwe kachakudya:
1. Kusefa: Kumapezeka mu glomerulus, komwe magazi amasefedwa, ndipo amapanga glomerular filtrate yokhala ndi madzi, ayoni, shuga, ndi zinyalala monga urea.
2. Kuyamwanso: Mu proximal tubule, madzi ambiri, shuga, ndi ma ayoni ofunikira amabwereranso m'magazi.
3. Kutulutsa: Zinyalala zosafunikira, monga ma ayoni a haidrojeni ndi creatinine, zimachotsedwa m'magazi kupita ku machubu kuti zikatayidwe.
4. Kutulutsa: Mkodzo womwe umapangidwa umadutsa mu chubu cha distal kupita mu njira yosonkhanitsira, kupita ku ureter, kenako umasungidwa mu chikhodzodzo usanatulutsidwe kudzera mu urethra.
Kupyolera mu magawo amenewa, impso zimaonetsetsa kuti zinyalala ndi zinthu zina zokha ndi zomwe zimatuluka m'thupi, pomwe zinthu zofunika zimasungidwa m'thupi.
Chitsanzo Funso 2: Udindo wa Chiwindi mu Kagayidwe kachakudya ndi Kutulutsa Madzi
Funso:
Kodi chiwindi chimagwira ntchito bwanji pokonza zinyalala za kagayidwe kachakudya? Tchulani kapangidwe kake komwe kali kofunikira pankhaniyi!
Kukambirana:
Chiwindi chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikukonza ammonia woopsa kukhala urea wotetezeka kudzera mu urea. Urea iyi imatengedwa kupita ku impso kuti itulutsidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, chiwindi chimagwira ntchito mu:
- Kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi ndi poizoni, komwe ma enzyme a chiwindi amasintha mankhwalawa kukhala mitundu yosungunuka m'madzi kuti atulutsidwe mu mkodzo kapena ndulu.
- Kagayidwe ka mafuta m'thupi ndi chakudya m'thupi, komwe chiwindi chimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, kuonetsetsa kuti pali bwino.
- Kupanga kwa ndulu, komwe kumathandiza kugaya mafuta komanso kutulutsa bilirubin, chinthu chotayika chomwe chimayambitsa kusweka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi.
Mapangidwe ofunikira m'chiwindi omwe amathandizira ntchito zimenezi ndi ma lobules a chiwindi, ma hepatocytes (maselo a chiwindi), ma ducts a bile, ndi ma sinusoids omwe amagwirizanitsa magazi ndi maselo a chiwindi kuti agwire ntchito zawo.
Chitsanzo Funso 3: Udindo wa Khungu pa Kutulutsa Madzi
Funso:
Ngakhale kuti sizidziwika bwino, khungu limagwiranso ntchito mu njira yotulutsira madzi m'thupi. Fotokozani ntchito ya khungu pankhaniyi ndi kapangidwe kake!
Kukambirana:
Khungu ndi chimodzi mwa ziwalo zazikulu kwambiri zotulutsa chimbudzi m'thupi la munthu. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndi kudzera mu ma glands a thukuta, omwe amathandiza kutulutsa zinyalala za kagayidwe kachakudya m'njira ya thukuta. Njirayi imaphatikizapo zinthu zingapo:
– Ma glands a thukuta: Pali mitundu iwiri: eccrine ndi apocrine. Zonse ziwiri zimagwira ntchito yotulutsa ndi kutulutsa thukuta, lomwe lili ndi madzi, mchere, ndi zinthu zina zotayira monga urea ndi lactic acid.
– Mabowo a pakhungu: Kumene thukuta limatuluka pamwamba pa khungu, zomwe zimathandizanso kuti thupi lizitentha bwino.
Kutulutsa madzi kudzera pakhungu kumathandiza kulamulira kutentha kwa thupi ndikusunga bwino madzi ndi ma electrolyte.
Chitsanzo Funso 4: Ntchito ya Mapapo Potulutsa Zinyalala za Kagayidwe ka Zinthu
Funso:
Kodi ntchito ya mapapo mu dongosolo la kutulutsa madzi m'thupi ndi yotani ndipo kapangidwe ka mapapo kamathandizira bwanji ntchito imeneyi?
Kukambirana:
Mapapu amadziwika kwambiri ndi ntchito yawo yopuma, komanso amagwiranso ntchito yochotsa carbon dioxide, yomwe ndi chinthu chowononga kagayidwe ka maselo. Njirayi imathandizidwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
– Alveoli: Tizikwama tating'onoting'ono ta mpweya m'mapapo komwe kumasinthana mpweya. Mpweya wa kaboni umatengedwa kuchokera m'magazi kupita ku alveoli, komwe umatuluka mpweya tikamapuma.
– Mitsempha yamagazi ya m'mapapo: Mitsempha yaying'ono yamagazi yozungulira alveoli yomwe imayang'anira kufalitsa magazi m'mapapo onse, zomwe zimathandiza kusinthana kwa carbon dioxide ndi oxygen.
Mwa kuchotsa mpweya woipa m'mapapo, mapapo amathandiza kusunga pH ya magazi yokhazikika komanso kupewa acidosis.
Chitsanzo Funso 5: Machitidwe a Lymphatic ndi Excretory
Funso:
Ngakhale kuti si mbali yaikulu ya njira yotulutsira madzi m'thupi, njira ya lymphatic imathandiza kuchotsa zinyalala za kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi. Fotokozani momwe njira imeneyi imagwirira ntchito!
Kukambirana:
Dongosolo la lymphatic limagwira ntchito yothandizira pakutaya zinyalala, makamaka zochokera kumadzimadzi a minofu. Zinyalala ndi madzi ochulukirapo ochokera ku minofu zimanyamulidwa ndi mitsempha ya lymphatic kenako zimasefedwa kudzera mu lymph nodes, zomwe zimakhala ndi maselo oteteza thupi kuti ateteze matenda.
– Mitsempha ya lymphatic: Imanyamula madzi ochulukirapo, mapuloteni, ndi zinyalala kuchokera m'maselo kupita ku magazi kuti akatayidwe.
– Ma Lymph nodes: Amagwira ntchito ngati malo osefera ndi oteteza, kutsuka lymph kuchokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zinyalala zina asanazibwezeretse m'magazi.
Dongosolo la lymphatic limathandizanso kuyamwa mafuta kudzera m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, mafutawa asanakonzedwe ndikutulutsidwa ngati ali ochuluka.
Kuphunzira ziwalo ndi kapangidwe kothandizira kachitidwe ka chimbudzi ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe thupi lathu limasungira homeostasis komanso kuchotsa bwino zinyalala za kagayidwe kachakudya. Pomvetsetsa ntchito ya gawo lililonse, titha kumvetsetsa bwino zovuta ndi magwiridwe antchito a thupi lathu ndikukhala tcheru kwambiri ndi zizindikiro za kusagwira ntchito bwino komwe kungakhudze thanzi lathu.
