Mu mlengalenga wa dziko lapansi mulibe helium yaulere ndi mpweya wa haidrojeni. Pali nayitrogeni yokha (78%), mpweya (21%), argon (0,90%), carbon dioxide, ndi zina zotero. Mlengalenga wa Venus pafupifupi wonse ndi carbon dioxide (CO2 ) . Mlengalenga wa Jupiter uli ndi helium yaulere yambiri ndi haidrojeni. Mwezi ulibe mlengalenga. Nchifukwa chiyani mtundu wa mlengalenga wa dziko lililonse ndi wosiyana? Nchifukwa chiyani palibe helium yaulere ndi haidrojeni mu mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi?
Liwiro lapakati la sikweya la mizu
Liwiro la pakati pa chikwere cha mizu = pakati pa chikwere cha mizu = v rms . Tikhoza kupeza equation ya v rms mwa kusintha ma equation a Temperature ndi Kinetic Energy kukhala omasulira.
Zambiri:
v rms = liwiro la pakati pa mizu kapena liwiro (m/s)
k = Boltzman chosasintha n (k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K)
T = Kutentha konse (K = Kelvin)
m = kulemera (kg)
Zambiri:
v rms = liwiro la pakati pa mizu kapena liwiro (m/s)
R = Mpweya wosasinthika (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
NA = Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu pa mole = Nambala ya Avogadro (NA = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol)
T = kutentha (K)
M = kulemera kwa maselo = kulemera kwa molar (kg/kmol kapena gramu/mol)
Ma v rms omwe amachokera pamwambapa ndi liwiro lapakati la mamolekyu mu mpweya. Mamolekyu ena ali ndi liwiro lalikulu kuposa v rms, pomwe ena ali ndi liwiro laling'ono kuposa v rms. Mu 1859, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) mwa chiphunzitso adapeza kufalikira kwa liwiro la mamolekyu mu mpweya. Kufalikira kwa liwiro la mamolekyu kwa Maxwell kunachokera ku chiphunzitso cha kinetic, ndipo motero ndikolondola kwambiri pamamolekyu abwino a gasi. Kufalikira kwa liwiro la mamolekyu kwa Maxwell kumawoneka monga momwe kwasonyezedwera mu graph pansipa.
Mu 1920, asayansi angapo adachita zofufuza kuti afufuze momwe mamolekyulu enieni a gasi amafalitsidwira mwachangu. Zinapezeka kuti kufalikira kwa mamolekyulu enieni a gasi komwe kunapezeka kudzera mu zoyesererazo kunali kofanana ndendende ndi zomwe Maxwell adapeza.
Pamene kuchuluka kwa mpweya kuli kokwanira, kufalikira kwa liwiro la mamolekyulu enieni a mpweya komwe kwapezeka mwa kuyesa sikukugwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa liwiro la chiphunzitso komwe kunachokera kwa Maxwell. Chifukwa chake, kufalikira kwa Maxwell, kutengera chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito makina a Newtonian, kumakhala kochepa. Kufalikira kwa liwiro la mamolekyulu a mpweya pamlingo wapamwamba kumatha kufotokozedwa ndi mfundo za quantum.
Kugawa kwa kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu enieni a mpweya omwe apezeka kudzera mu kuyeseraku kukuwoneka ngati chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa.
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kufalikira kwa liwiro la mamolekyulu enieni a mpweya pa kutentha kosiyana kawiri. Chithunzi cha kufalikira kwa liwiro la mamolekyulu omwe apezeka kudzera mu kuyesera uku chikugwirizana ndi equation ya v rms pamwambapa (v rms ndi yofanana ndi kutentha). Chifukwa v rms ndi yofanana ndi kutentha, kutentha kukakwera (T2), kanjira ka kugawa kwa mamolekyulu kamasunthira kumanja (v rms ikukulirakulira). EA (mphamvu yoyambitsa) ndi mphamvu yocheperako ya kinetic yomwe imafunika kuti mankhwala achitike.
Kuchokera pa graph yomwe ili pamwambapa, zikuwoneka kuti kutentha kukakwera, mamolekyu ambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu ya kinetic yoposa mphamvu ya activation (EA). Ichi ndichifukwa chake kutentha kukakwera, momwe mankhwala amachitira zimachitikira mwachangu. Kutentha kukakwera, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu imakulanso. Chifukwa mamolekyu ali ndi mphamvu ya kinetic yochuluka, akagundana, amatha kumamatirana.
Chitsanzo cha funso 1:
Dziwani ma rms v a molekyulu ya nayitrogeni (N2 ) mumlengalenga kutentha kwa 20 o C (molekyulu ya nayitrogeni = 28 magalamu/mol = 28 kg/kmol)
Zokambirana
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 (kg m 2 /s 2 )/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Molar mass kapena molecular mass ya N 2 (M) = 2 x 14 u = 2 x 14 gram/mol = 28 gram/mol = 28 kg/kmol (atomic mass ya N = 14 u. onani tebulo la zinthu)
Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu/mol = Nambala ya Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Unyinji wa Nayitrogeni (m) = ?
Mlingo wa nayitrogeni rms (v rms) = ?
Chitsanzo cha funso 2:
Dziwani ma rms v a Helium (He) mumlengalenga kutentha kwa 20 o C…. (molecular mass ya Helium = 4 magalamu/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Zokambirana
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Unyinji wa Molar/Unyinji wa Molecular wa He (M) = 4 u = 4 gram/mol = 4 kg/kmol (unyinji wa atomiki wa He = 4 u. onani tebulo la zinthu)
Chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu/mol = Nambala ya Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Misa Iye (m) = ?
Mulingo wa RMS Iye (v rms) = ?
Chitsanzo cha funso 3:
Dziwani ma rms v a Hydrogen (H2 ) mumlengalenga kutentha kwa 20 o C…. (molecular mass ya Hydrogen = 2 grams/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Zokambirana
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Molar mass/M molecular mass ya Hydrogen (M) = 2 x 1 u = 2 u = 2 magalamu/mol = 2 kg/kmol (atomic mass ya H = 1 u. onani tebulo la zinthu)
Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu/mol = Nambala ya Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 102 3 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Kulemera kwa H 2 (m) = ?
Chiŵerengero cha RMS cha H2 ( v rms) = ?
Chitsanzo cha funso 4:
Dziwani kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu a okosijeni (O2 ) mumlengalenga kutentha kwa 20 o C. (ma molekyulu a O2 = 32 magalamu/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Zokambirana
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Molar mass/Molecular mass of oxygen (M) = 2 x 16 u = 32 u = 32 gram/mol = 32 kg/kmol (atomic mass O = 16 u. onani tebulo la zinthu)
Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu/mol = Nambala ya Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Kulemera kwa O2 ( m) = ?
Chiŵerengero cha RMS cha H2 ( v rms) = ?
Chitsanzo cha funso 5:
Dziwani kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu a carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) mumlengalenga pa kutentha kwa 20 o C. (molekyulu ya CO2 = 44 magalamu/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Zokambirana
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 (kg m 2 /s 2 )/K
T = 30 o C + 273 = 293 K
Molar mass/Molecular mass ya CO2 ( M) = 12 u + (2 x 16 u) = 12 u + 32 u = 44 u = 44 magalamu/mol = 44 kg/kmol (atomic mass C = 12 u, atomic mass O = 16 u. Onani tebulo la zinthu)
Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu/mol = Nambala ya Avogadro (NA ) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Kulemera kwa CO2 ( m) = ?
CO2 rms rate (v rms) = ?
mitundu ina ya mpweya
Tsopano tiyeni tiyerekezere ma rms v a mitundu ingapo ya mpweya:
v rms Hydrogen (H2 ) = 1917 m/s = 1,92 km/s (pa kutentha kwa 20 o C)
v rms Helium (He) = 1355,7 m/s = 1,36 km/s (pa kutentha kwa 20 o C)
v rms Nayitrogeni (N 2 ) = 510,75 m/s = 0,51 km/s (pa kutentha kwa 20 o C)
v rms Mpweya (O2 ) = 478,4 m/s = 0,48 km/s (pa kutentha kwa 20 o C)
v rms carbon dioxide (CO2 ) = 407,6 m/s = 0,41 km/s (pa kutentha kwa 20 o C)
Mpweya womwe uli ndi liwiro lalikulu la rms ndi hydrogen, ndipo wotsika kwambiri ndi carbon dioxide. Tsopano yerekezerani izi ndi liwiro lothawira pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi (liwiro lothawira = 11,2 km/s). Liwiro lothawira ndi liwiro locheperako lomwe limafunika kuti chinthu chithawire kumunda wa mphamvu yokoka wa Dziko Lapansi.
Ngati ma v rms a mamolekyulu a gasi ndi 1/6 yokha ya liwiro lothawirako (1/6 x 11,2 km/s = 1,86 km/s), ndiye kuti pali ma molekyulu ambiri a gasi omwe liwiro lawo ndi lalikulu kuposa liwiro lothawirako (kumbukirani kufalikira kwa liwiro la mamolekyulu lomwe lafotokozedwa pamwambapa). Pa kutentha kwa 20 o C, v rms Mpweya wa haidrojeni = 1,92 km/s (> 1,86 km/s). Pakadali pano, v rms ya mpweya wa helium pa kutentha kwa 20 o C = 1,36 km/ola (pafupifupi 1,86 km/s). Izi zili pa kutentha kwa 20 o C.
Kutentha kukakwera, mtengo wa rms umakwera. Mtengo wa rms ukakwera, mwayi wothawa mphamvu yokoka ya Dziko Lapansi umakula. Ichi ndichifukwa chake helium ndi hydrogen zaulere sizikupezeka mumlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi.
Kukula kwa liwiro la kuthawa kwa dziko lapansi ndi liwiro la ma rms la mamolekyu a gasi zimatsimikiza mtundu wa mlengalenga womwe dziko lapansi kapena satelayiti ili nawo. Liwiro la kuthawa kwa Venus ndi 10,3 km/s. Liwiro la CO2 ndi laling'ono kwambiri kotero kuti zimakhala zovuta kuti lituluke mumlengalenga wa Venus. Pakadali pano, liwiro la kuthawa kwa Jupiter ndi 60 km/s, lomwe ndi lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwa Jupiter. Chifukwa chake, haidrojeni ndi helium sizingatuluke mu mphamvu yokoka ya Jupiter.
