Te Hapori hei Pūtaiao
Pendahuluan
Ko te hapori pāpori te pūtaiao e ako ana i te hapori, i ngā taunekeneke pāpori, me ngā tukanga e herea ana, e wehea ana hoki te hunga e noho tahi ana i roto i te hapori. Arā, ko te whāinga o te hapori pāpori he mārama ki ngā hanganga pāpori, ki ngā tauira whanonga, me ngā tikanga mahi a te hapori. Hei kaupapa mātauranga, kua tere te whanaketanga o te hapori pāpori mai i tōna tīmatanga i te rautau 19, ā, he pūtaiao nui inaianei mō te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga pāpori puta noa i te ao.
Hītori me te Whanaketanga o te Hapori
I puta mai te mātauranga hapori i ngā huringa pāpori me ngā huringa hinengaro o te rautau 19, inā koa i Ūropi. Nā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te Huringa Ahumahi, te Huringa Wīwī, me te whanaketanga o ngā pūtaiao taiao i whakaoho te hiahia mō tētahi kaupapa e taea ai te ako pūtaiao i ngā āhuatanga pāpori. Ko Auguste Comte, he tohunga whakaaro Wīwī, e kiia ana ko ia te matua o te mātauranga hapori nā tōna awe ki te whakatakoto i te ariā o te mātauranga hapori hei pūtaiao e ako ana i te pāpori.
I ngā tekau tau i muri mai, i whai wāhi nui ngā tāngata pēnei i a Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, me Karl Marx ki te whanaketanga o ngā ariā pāpori. I whakanui a Durkheim i te hiranga o ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā umanga i roto i te oranga tangata, i whakaurua e Weber te ariā o te whakamārama me te hiranga o te mārama ki ngā mahi pāpori mai i te tirohanga a te tangata takitahi, ko Marx ia i arotahi ki te pakanga akomanga me te taonga tuku iho o mua.
Tikanga i roto i te Hapori
Hei pūtaiao, he tikanga pūtaiao tā te hapori pāpori, e āhei ai ngā tohunga hapori ki te whakahaere rangahau pūnaha me te whakamātautau. Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā huarahi hapori ki ngā momo matua e rua: ko te tikanga kounga me te tikanga tauanga.
Ko ngā huarahi tauanga i roto i te hapori pāpori e aro nui ana ki te kohikohi me te tātari i ngā raraunga tau. He maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki ēnei tikanga ngā rangahau, ngā whakamātautau, me te tātari tatauranga. Ko te whāinga he whakaputa i ngā whakarāpopototanga pono mō ngā tauira pāpori me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi pāpori.
He rerekē, ko te huarahi whaihua e aro ana ki te māramatanga hohonu ake ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori. Ko ngā tikanga o tēnei huarahi ko ngā uiuinga hōhonu, te mātakitaki ā-kaiuru, me te tātari tuhinga. Mā te huarahi whaihua, ka taea e ngā tohunga pāpori te whiwhi māramatanga ki ngā tikanga whaiaro me ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā taunekeneke pāpori kāore pea e hopukina mā roto i ngā raraunga tauanga.
Ngā Ariā Hapori
E whakareihia ana te hapori pāpori e ngā ariā maha e āwhina ana ki te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga pāpori. Ko ngā ariā matua o te hapori pāpori ko:
1. Te Mahi ā-Wāhanga:
Ko te kaupapa mahi, i whakawhanakehia e Durkheim, ā, i tautokona e Talcott Parsons, e titiro ana ki te hapori hei pūnaha e titoa ana e ngā wāhanga e hono tahi ana. He mahi motuhake tā ia wāhanga e whai wāhi ana ki te haere tonu me te pumau o te pūnaha katoa. Hei tauira, ko te whānau te kaupapa matua o te whanaungatanga me te atawhai i ōna mema, ko te pūnaha mātauranga ia te kaupapa matua o te tuku pūkenga me te mātauranga.
2. Ariā Taupatupatu:
Ko te ariā pakanga, i awehia e ngā whakaaro o Marx, e whakanui ana i te kore taurite, te mana, me te pakanga i waenga i ngā rōpū i roto i te hapori. E kitea ana te ao pāpori hei papa pakanga e whakataetae ai ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū mō ngā rauemi iti. Ko ngā pakanga ā-akomanga, ā-iwi, me te ira tangata ētahi tauira o ngā taupatupatu pāpori e tūhuratia ana mā tēnei huarahi.
3. Te Taunekeneke Tohu:
Ko te taunekeneke tohu, i tīmatahia e George Herbert Mead rāua ko Herbert Blumer, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te tikanga me ngā tohu i roto i ngā taunekeneke pāpori. E arotahi ana tēnei ariā ki te āhua o te hanga a te tangata i ō rātou tuakiri me ō rātou hiahia mā roto i ngā taunekeneke ki ētahi atu. E māramahia ana te mooni pāpori hei mea i hangaia ngātahi mā te whakawhitiwhiti tohu me ngā tikanga.
4. Ariā Wahine:
E whakaatu ana te ariā wahine i te kore taurite ira tangata i roto i te hapori pāpori, ā, e whai ana kia hurahia ngā hanganga pāpori e pehi ana i ngā wāhine. Ehara i te mea ko ngā kore taurite ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te ahurea anake e tirohia ana e tēnei huarahi i waenga i ngā tāne me ngā wāhine, engari e aro ana hoki ki ngā take pēnei i te tutu i runga i te ira tangata me te whakaaturanga ira tangata i roto i ngā pāpāho.
Te Whakamahinga o te Hapori i te Ao Tūturu
He mea nui te pānga o te mātauranga hapori ki te oranga o ia rā, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā momo mara. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, ka taea e te mātauranga hapori te āwhina i te waihanga kaupapa here tika me te whai hua mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori me ngā hiahia o te hapori. I roto i te mātauranga, mā te mārama ki ngā papamuri pāpori o ngā ākonga ka āwhina i ngā kaiako me ngā kaiwhakaako ki te hoahoa i ngā tikanga ako whānui ake.
I te ao pakihi, ka taea e te hapori pāpori te whakarato i ngā māramatanga ki ngā whanonga kaihoko me ngā au o te mākete, he mea nui mō ngā rautaki hokohoko me te whakawhanaketanga hua. I te rāngai hauora, ka taea e te hapori pāpori te āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga pāpori e awe ana i te hauora me te oranga o te tangata takitahi, pērā i te taiao pāpori, te tūnga ōhanga, me ngā kaupapa here hauora.
Whakamutunga
Hei pūtaiao, he mea nui te mahi a te hapori pāpori ki te mārama me te tātari i ngā āhuatanga pāpori. Mā ōna tikanga pūtaiao me ngā ariā whai rawa, ka tukuna e te hapori pāpori he tirohanga hōhonu ki te hanganga, ngā hihiri, me ngā taunekeneke i roto i te hapori. Ko te whanaketanga o te hapori pāpori i roto i te wā e whakaata ana i ngā mahi a te tangata ki te mārama ki a rātou anō me te ao pāpori e karapoti ana i a rātou.
Mā roto i tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo wāhanga o te ao, he nui te kaha o te hapori pāpori ki te whai wāhi nui ki te waihanga i tētahi hapori tika, whānui, me te rangimārie. I tēnei wā o te ao whānui me te tere o te huringa pāpori, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te tūranga o te hapori pāpori ki te āwhina i a tātou ki te whakatere i ngā uauatanga o te ao hou.
