Te Ariā Kotahitanga Hapori me ōna Pānga ki te Hapori
Ko te hononga hapori he ariā matua i roto i te pūtaiao pāpori e whakamahia ana hei mārama he aha te oranga tonutanga o te hapori, te mahi tahi, me te noho pumau ahakoa ngā rerekētanga o ngā hiahia, ngā tuakiri, me ngā pakanga. I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ka kitea te hononga hapori i roto i te hiahia o ngā tāngata ki te āwhina tetahi i tetahi, ki te whakarongo ki ngā ture ngātahi, ki te whai wāhi ki ngā mahi a te iwi, me te pupuri i te whakawhirinaki tetahi ki tetahi me ngā umanga. Ina kaha te hononga hapori, ka kaha ake te ātete o ngā hapori ki ngā raruraru; i tetahi atu taha, ina ngoikore te hononga, ka piki ake te wehewehe, te tutu, me te kore whakawhirinaki. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o te hononga hapori me ōna pānga ki te hapori hou.
Te Mārama ki te Kotahitanga Hapori
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te hononga pāpori e pā ana ki te "piri" e whakakotahi ana i ngā mema o te hapori. Ka uru pea ki tēnei piri ngā uara, ngā tikanga, ngā tuakiri ōrite, te kotahitanga, ngā hononga kare ā-roto, tae noa ki ngā whatunga whanaungatanga pāpori. Ehara i te mea ko te korenga o te pakanga te tikanga o te hononga pāpori; ka puta pea te pakanga. Heoi, mā te hononga pāpori pai ka taea te whakahaere i te pakanga mā roto i ngā tikanga pāpori me ngā tikanga whakahaere e kiia ana he tika, he tika hoki.
I roto i ngā huarahi maha, e hono ana te kotahitanga pāpori ki ētahi āhuatanga matua: te whakawhirinaki, te noho tahi, te whai wāhi pāpori, te piripono ki ngā tikanga, me te ōritetanga o ngā whai wāhitanga. Ina kitea ēnei āhuatanga, ka ngāwari ake te hanga mahi tahi a ngā hapori hei whakatutuki i ngā whāinga tahi, pērā i te pupuri i te haumarutanga taiao, te hanga whare tūmatanui, te urupare rānei ki ngā āhuatanga kino.
Ngā Pūtake Ariā o te Kotahitanga Hapori
Ka ahu mai te ariā o te hononga pāpori i ngā tikanga tuku iho o te whakaaro pūtaiao pāpori me te tōrangapū. Ko ētahi o ngā tino tangata e whakahuatia pinepinetia ana ko Émile Durkheim, Ferdinand Tönnies, Talcott Parsons, me ngā kaipūkenga whakaaro o nāianei pērā i a Robert Putnam.
1. Durkheim: Te Kotahitanga Ā-Mīhini me te Ā-Rauora
I whakamārama a Émile Durkheim i te hononga hapori mā te ariā o te kotahitanga. E rua ngā momo matua i wehewehea e ia:
1. Te kotahitanga ā-ringa, e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā hapori tuku iho. Ka puta te kotahitanga mai i ngā āhuatanga ōrite—he ōrite ngā uara, ngā whakapono, ngā mahi, me ngā tikanga noho. I roto i tēnei horopaki, he kaha, he ā-rōpū te mana whakahaere pāpori. Ko te takahi i ngā tikanga ka kitea he tūmomo mōrearea ki te hapori katoa.
2. Te kotahitanga ā-pūtaiao, e whanake ana i roto i ngā hapori hou me te wehenga mahi uaua. Kāore te kotahitanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ōritetanga, engari ki te whakawhirinaki tetahi ki tetahi. He rerekē ngā mahi a te tangata takitahi, engari e hiahia ana tetahi ki tetahi. I roto i te kotahitanga ā-pūtaiao, ka nui ake te hiranga o ngā ture me ngā umanga hei kaiwhakahaere i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori.
I whakatūpato anō a Durkheim mō te anomie, he āhuatanga e ngoikore ai, e kore rānei e mārama ngā tikanga pāpori. I tēnei āhua, ka ngaro te mana o te tangata, ā, ka heke te kotahitanga pāpori. He mea nui te āhuatanga o te anomie hei whakamārama i ngā raruraru pāpori e puta mai ana i te huringa tere o te ōhanga, te noho tāone, te whakararuraru hangarau rānei.
2. Tönnies: Gemeinschaft me Gesellschaft
E wehewehe ana a Ferdinand Tönnies i ngā hapori i runga i te momo whanaungatanga pāpori:
– Ko te Gemeinschaft (hapori) e whakaahua ana i ngā whanaungatanga tata, whaiaro, whānau, ngā tikanga tuku iho, me ngā herenga kare ā-roto.
– Ko te Gesellschaft (patembayan) e whakaahua ana i ngā whanaungatanga kore-whaiaro, kirimana, me te whai whakaaro, pērā i te wāhi mahi o ēnei rā, i te hapori tāone nui rānei.
I roto i te Gemeinschaft, ka kaha te kotahitanga mā te noho tata ki te hapori, engari i roto i te Gesellschaft, me hanga te kotahitanga mā roto i ngā ture ōkawa, ngā kirimana, me ngā umanga. Ko te whakawhiti mai i te hapori ki te hapori he mea uaua te kitea, nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakaiti i te mahana pāpori, te whakanui ake i te takitahi, me te ngoikore i te wairua noho tahi.
3. Parsons: Te Whakaurunga me ngā Pūnaha Hapori
I titiro a Talcott Parsons ki te hapori hei pūnaha e hiahia ana kia whakaurua kia pumau ai. I roto i tana huarahi, e hono ana te hononga hapori ki te kaha o ngā umanga hapori—te whānau, te mātauranga, te whakapono, te ōhanga, me te tōrangapū—ki te whakatō i ngā uara ōrite me te whakahaere i ngā tūranga hapori. Ki te kore e tutuki i ngā umanga tā rātou mahi whakauru, ka noho ngoikore te hapori ki te pakanga me te kore whakaritenga.
4. Putnam: Te Pūtea Hapori me te Whakawhirinakitanga
I roto i tētahi huarahi o nāianei, i whakaurua mai e Robert Putnam te ariā o te pūtea pāpori, arā, te whatunga o ngā whanaungatanga, ngā tikanga o te tauutuutu, me te whakawhirinaki e āwhina ana i te mahi tahi me te mahi tahi. E wehewehea ana te pūtea pāpori e Putnam:
– Te herenga o te pūtea pāpori: ngā hononga kaha i roto i ngā rōpū ōrite (hei tauira, ngā whānau whānui, ngā hapori iwi, ētahi rōpū whakapono).
– Te hono i te pūtea pāpori: he hononga i waenga i ngā rōpū rerekē, he mea nui ēnei hei whakaiti i te whakahāwea me te whakawhānui i te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā tuakiri.
Ko te hononga hauora e hiahiatia ana ngā mea e rua: mā te hononga ka tautoko ā-roto, ko te hononga ia ka ārai i te motuhaketanga me te wehewehenga.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Kotahitanga Hapori i roto i te Hapori Hou
I roto i te mahi, ka kitea te kotahitanga pāpori mā roto i ētahi āhuatanga nui:
1. Te whakawhirinaki ā-pāpori me ā-whakahaere: E whakawhirinaki ana ngā tāngata tetahi ki tetahi, e whakapono ana hoki ki te kāwanatanga, ki ngā ture, me ngā ratonga tūmatanui?
2. Te whai wāhi me te whai wāhitanga o ngā tāngata whenua: Kei te kaha te iwi ki ngā whakahaere, ki ngā wānanga, ki te mahi tahi, ki ngā mahi hapori rānei?
3. Te ōritetanga me te whakaurunga: Kei ngā rōpū katoa te urunga tika ki ngā rauemi, te mātauranga, te mahi, me te tiakitanga ture?
4. Tuakiri me te noho tahi: E whakaaro ana ngā kainoho he wāhanga rātou o te hapori, ā, e piripono ana ki tētahi whāinga kotahi?
5. Ngā pūkenga whakahaere pakanga: Ka taea te whakawhiti i ngā rerekētanga mā te kōrero, ngā ture me ngā tukanga manapori?
He hononga tō ēnei āhuatanga. Hei tauira, ko te kore taurite nui ka taea te whakararu i te whakawhirinaki, te whakaoho i te hae pāpori, me te whakanui ake i te ngoikore ki te pakanga.
Ngā Pānga o te Kotahitanga Hapori ki te Oranga Hapori
He whānui te pānga o te kotahitanga pāpori ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao, ā-rohe, ā-motu hoki.
1. Te Pūmautanga me te Haumarutanga Hapori
Ko ngā hapori he nui te kotahitanga, he pumau ake, he haumaru ake. He nui ake te hiahia o ngā kainoho ki te mahi tahi ki te tiaki i te taiao, ki te aukati i te hara, me te āwhina ina puta he raruraru. Ko te whakawhirinaki i waenga i ngā kainoho he "ārai pāpori" anō hoki ki ngā whanonga kino nā te mea he pai te mahi a ngā tikanga o te hapori.
2. Te Kounga o te Manapori me te Whakahaere
Ehara i te mea ko ngā pōtitanga anake te pūtake o te manapori, engari ko te ahurea tōrangapū anō hoki: te manawanui, te hiahia ki te kōrero, te whakaae ki ngā rerekētanga, me te whakaute i ngā ture. Mā te kotahitanga pāpori kaha ka akiaki i te whai wāhi tōrangapū hauora, ka whakaiti i te tōrangapū mauahara, ā, ka whakapakari i te mana o ngā umanga tūmatanui.
Heoi anō, ka hē pea te arataki i te kotahitanga mēnā ko te ōritetanga anake te pūtake, me te kore e whakaurua atu ki ētahi atu rōpū. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ka taea e te kotahitanga o roto o te rōpū te heke hei mana motuhake, i te mea ka heke te kotahitanga o te hapori.
3. Te Manawanui i ngā Wā o te Pōuri
He mea nui te hononga hapori ina pā mai he āhuatanga kino, he mate urutā, he raruraru ōhanga rānei. He nui te awe o te whakawhirinaki me te whakaaro ki te kawenga tahi ki ngā whatunga tautoko kore whaimana, te kotahitanga o te hapori, me te piripono ki ngā kaupapa here a te iwi whānui (hei tauira, ngā tikanga hauora). He uaua ake ki ngā hapori wehewehe te whakaae ki ngā mahi tahi.
4. Te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga me te Hua
Mā te kotahitanga pāpori ka taea te whakahaere i ngā mahi ōhanga mā te whakaiti i ngā utu tauwhitinga: ka nui ake te whakawhirinaki o te tangata ki te mahi tahi, ka māmā ake te whakatinana i ngā kirimana, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā pakanga ahumahi. Ka āwhina hoki te pūtea pāpori i te horapa o ngā mōhiohio mahi, te tautoko i ngā pakihi iti, me te mahi tahi ki te auahatanga i te taumata ā-rohe.
5. Mātauranga me te Nekenekehanga Hapori
I roto i ngā taiao e pai ana te kotahitanga, ka pai ake te kaha o ngā kura, ngā whānau, me ngā hapori ki te tautoko i ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi. Mā te whakahaere pai i te hapori, te ahurea ako, me te urunga atu ki ngā whatunga ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te nekenekehanga hapori. I tetahi atu taha, ina iti te kotahitanga—hei tauira, i ngā rohe he nui te tutu—ka nui ake te mōrearea o ngā tamariki ki te whakarērea te kura, ki te mauheretia rānei i roto i ngā taiao whakangaro.
Ngā Wero o te Kotahitanga Hapori i te Ao Mamati
Mā te whanaketanga o te hangarau mōhiohio ka puta ngā whai wāhitanga me ngā wero. I tētahi taha, ka taea e ngā pāpāho pāpori te whakawhānui i ngā whatunga me te āwhina i te kotahitanga. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā rauropi me ngā wehewehenga whakaaro te whakapakari i ngā rūma whakaata, te hora i ngā kōrero teka, me te whakanui ake i ngā pakanga tuakiri. Ka pakarukaru te kotahitanga pāpori ina kī tonu te ao tūmatanui i te kōrero kino me te kore whakawhirinaki.
Hei pupuri i te kotahitanga, me whai mātauranga matihiko te hapori, ngā ture tika, me ngā wāhi kōrero hei whakakotahi i ngā rōpū kanorau. He mahi nui tā ngā whare wānanga, ngā pāpāho, ngā kaiārahi hapori, me te kāwanatanga ki te whakatipu i te ahurea kōrero e ahu mai ana i ngā meka me te whakaute tetahi i tetahi.
Te Katinga
Mā te ariā o te hononga hapori ka mārama tātou ki te whakauru o ngā hapori, te whakahaere i ngā rerekētanga, me te pupuri i te pumau. Mai i te aro nui o Durkheim ki te kotahitanga, ki te wehewehenga a Tönnies i waenga i te hapori me te hapori, ki te ariā a Putnam mō te whakapaipai hapori, e whakaatu katoa ana ko te kotahitanga ehara i te mea he wairua noho noa iho, engari he hua o ngā hanganga hapori, ngā umanga, ngā uara, me te whatunga whanaungatanga e hangaia tonutia ana.
He mārama ngā pānga: ka pā te kotahitanga pāpori ki te haumarutanga, te manapori, te ōhanga, te mātauranga, tae atu ki te manawanui ki ngā āhuatanga ohorere. Ko ngā wero o ēnei rā pēnei i te noho tāone nui, te kore taurite, me te wehewehenga matihiko e mea nui ake ai te whakapakari i te kotahitanga. Ehara i te mea kotahi te kaupapa o te hanga i tētahi hapori whānui, tika, me te whakawhirinaki, engari he haumitanga pāpori mō te wā roa mō te whai rawa tahi.
