Te Hononga i waenga i te Hapori me te Kriminology
Ko te hapori me te kriminology he mara e rua o te pūtaiao e ako ana i te tangata i roto i ō rātou oranga pāpori, engari he rerekē ngā arotahi. Ka tirohia e te hapori te hapori whānui—ngā hanganga pāpori, ngā taunekeneke, ngā tikanga, ngā uara, ngā umanga pāpori, tae atu ki ngā huringa pāpori. I taua wā, ka arotahi te kriminology ki te hara: he aha i puta ai, ko wai ka mahi pea, me pēhea te tirohanga a te hapori ki te hara, me pēhea te urupare a te pūnaha whakawā taihara ki a ia. He hononga tata ēnei e rua nā te mea ehara te hara i te mahi takitahi noa iho, engari he āhuatanga pāpori i hangaia, i awehia hoki e te taiao pāpori, ahurea, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū.
Te pāpori hei pūtake mō te mārama ki te hara
Mai i te tirohanga pāpori, ka taea te mārama ki te hara hei momo whanonga hē. Ko te whanonga hē he mahi e takahi ana i ngā tikanga me ngā uara e noho ana i roto i tētahi rōpū, i tētahi hapori rānei. Nā te mea he rerekē ngā tikanga me ngā uara i roto i te wā me te wāhi, kāore i te ōrite tonu te whakamāramatanga o te "hara". Hei tauira, ko tētahi mahi e kiia ana he hara i tētahi wā, tera pea he ture i tētahi atu wā, i tētahi atu wā rānei. Koinei te wāhi e āwhina ai te pāpori i te mahi kriminology: ka whakaratohia he tirohanga hei kite i ngā rohe i waenga i te "noa" me te "kē" e whakatauhia ana e ngā tikanga pāpori, te mana, me ngā umanga.
E whakanui ana hoki te mātauranga hapori kāore te tangata takitahi e noho noa iho. Ko ngā whakatau a te tangata, tae atu ki te whakatau ki te mahi i tētahi mahi ture kore, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia e ngā āhuatanga pāpori pēnei i te rawakore, te kore taurite, te pakanga pāpori, ngā whanaungatanga, ngā tukanga pāpori, me te urunga atu ki te mātauranga me ngā whai wāhitanga mahi. Nō reira, ko te mātauranga hara e whakamahi ana i tētahi huarahi pāpori ka titiro ki te hara hei hua o te taunekeneke i waenga i te tangata takitahi me ngā hanganga pāpori, ehara i te mea he take matatika whaiaro anake.
Ka whakamahia e te Criminology ngā ariā pāpori
Kua tere te whanaketanga o te mahi taihara o ēnei rā, ā, he maha ngā ariā me ngā ariā pāpori kua tangohia mai. Ko ētahi o ngā ariā tino nui e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
1. Hanganga pāpori me te whakarōpūtanga
Ko te whakarōpūtanga pāpori e whakaahua ana i te noho o ngā paparanga i roto i te hapori i runga i te karaehe ōhanga, te tūnga pāpori, te mātauranga, te mana rānei. He maha ngā rangahau kua hono i te kore taurite pāpori me te rawakore ki te pikinga ake o te mōrearea o ētahi hara. Ehara i te mea ko te hunga rawakore he hunga hara tonu, engari ko ngā āhuatanga taumaha - pērā i te kore mahi, ngā rohe haumaru kore, te urunga iti rānei ki ngā ratonga tūmatanui - ka taea te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te hara.
2. Ngā tikanga, ngā uara, me te mana whakahaere pāpori
Ka rangahau te pūtaiao pāpori i te āhua o te pupuri a ngā hapori i te tikanga mā te whakahaere pāpori, i ngā mea ōkawa (ture, pirihimana, kōti) me ngā mea ōkawa (whānau, hoa noho, kaiārahi hapori). Ka whakamahia e te pūtaiao hara tēnei ariā hei mārama he aha i iti ai te hara o ētahi hapori nā te kaha o te whakahaere pāpori ōkawa, ko ētahi ia ka ngoikore haere te whakahaere pāpori nā te pakaru o te hapori.
3. Te whakawhanaungatanga me ngā rōpū hoa
Mā te tukanga whakawhanaungatanga ka hangaia te huarahi whakaaro me te whanonga o te tangata, tae atu ki ō rātou tirohanga ki te tika me te hē, me ngā mea e whakaaetia ana me ngā mea kāore e whakaaetia. Ka tirotirohia whānuitia e te Criminology te tūranga o te whānau, te kura, me ngā rōpū hoa ki te whakatenatena, ki te aukati rānei i te hara. Hei tauira, mā te hononga ki ngā rōpū e takahi ana i te ture ka taea te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te tangata ki te mahi i ngā mahi ōrite.
Ngā ariā pāpori whai mana i roto i te kriminology
Ka mārama ake te whanaungatanga i waenga i te pāpori me te kriminology ina tirohia ngā ariā e whakamahia ana hei whakamārama i te hara.
1. Te Ariā Anomie me te Taumahatanga (Durkheim me Merton)
Nā Durkheim i whakauru te ariā o te anomie hei āhua o te "koretake o te tikanga" ina tere te huringa o te hapori, ā, ka pōuri haere ngā ture pāpori. Nā Merton tēnei whakaaro i whakawhanake mā te ariā taumahatanga: ina whakanuia e te hapori te whāinga o te angitu (hei tauira, te taonga), engari kāore i te ōrite te urunga ture ki reira, ka huri ētahi tāngata ki ngā "huarahi kē atu," tae atu ki te hara. E whakamārama ana tēnei ariā he aha te pēhanga pāpori me te kore ōrite o ngā whai wāhitanga ka arahi ki te hara.
2. Te Ariā Hononga Rerekētanga (Sutherland)
E kī ana tēnei ariā ka akohia ngā whanonga taihara mā roto i ngā taunekeneke ki ētahi atu. Ehara i te mea nā ngā āhuatanga koiora, hinengaro rānei te tangata ka noho hei taihara, engari nā te mea he nui ake te tūponotanga ka whakaaetia e rātou ngā whakamāramatanga e tautoko ana i te takahi i te ture i ērā e whakahē ana. E hangai ana tēnei ki te arotahi a te hapori pāpori ki ngā tukanga ako pāpori me te awe o te rōpū.
3. Te Ariā Tapanga (Becker rāua ko Lemert)
E ai ki te ariā tapanga, ka kiia he mahi hē tetahi mahi, ehara i te mea nā te mahi tonu anake, engari nā te mea ka tapaina e te hapori te kaimahi he "kē". Ka pā kino pea tēnei tapanga: ko te tangata kua tapaina kē he "kaihara" ka uaua ki te hoki ki te oranga noa, ka arahi ki ngā hara maha. He mahi nui tā te hapori i roto i tēnei ariā nā te mea e arotahi ana ki ngā tauhohenga pāpori me te hanganga o te tikanga.
4. Ariā Taupatupatu Hapori
E ai ki te tirohanga pakanga, he maha ngā rōpū whai mana e whai pānga ana ki ngā ture me ngā whakamāramatanga o te hara. Tērā pea ka kiia ētahi whanonga he hara, ehara i te mea he kino noa iho, engari he whakawehi i ngā painga o ētahi rōpū. E whakaatu ana te kaupapa kriminology i awehia e te ariā pakanga i ngā whanaungatanga mana, te whakahāwea, me te hē i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te ture.
Te rerekētanga o te arotahi: te hapori whānui me ngā hara motuhake
Ahakoa e hono tahi ana te hapori me te kriminology, he rerekētanga nui kei waenganui i a rātou. Ka ako te hapori i ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga pāpori, mai i te whānau me te whakapono ki te mātauranga, te ōhanga, te tōrangapū, me te ahurea. Ko te hara me te whanoke tētahi o ngā āhuatanga o tana rangahau. He whaiti ake te kriminology, engari he hohonu ake: ko tana arotahi ko ngā mahi taihara, ngā kaiwhakatupu kino, ngā patunga, me ngā pūnaha hei whakatau i aua mahi.
Heoi, nā te mea he arotahi motuhake tēnei, me whai tirohanga pāpori te kaupapa kriminology kia kore ai e mauheretia i roto i ngā whakamārama takitahi anake. Ki te kore he pāpori, ka taea te mārama ki te hara mā te whakaitiiti, hei tauira, he hua noa iho o te "āhua kino" me te "kore tikanga matatika". Heoi anō, he maha ngā take e whakaatu ana i te hononga i waenga i te hara me ngā āhuatanga pāpori pēnei i te kore taurite, te wehewehe ā-rohe, te ahurea tutu, ngā umanga pāpori ngoikore, me ngā kaupapa here a te iwi.
Ngā takoha whai hua: kaupapa here hara me te aukati
E kitea ana hoki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hapori pāpori me te mātauranga hara i roto i ngā mahi ārai me te whakautu hara. Kāore e ranea ngā huarahi e aro nui ana ki te whiu anake, inā koa he hanganga ngā pūtake. Mā te tātari hapori ka āwhina i te hanga kaupapa here ārai, hei tauira:
– te whakaiti i te kore taurite pāpori mā roto i ngā kaupapa tiaki ōhanga me te pāpori,
– te whakapakari i te mātauranga me ngā pūkenga mahi mō ngā rōpū ngoikore,
– te hanga i ngā wāhi tūmatanui haumaru, tika hoki,
– te whakapakari i ngā hapori me te whakahaere pāpori ōkawa,
– te whakatenatena i te whakaoranga me te whakaurunga hapori anō mō ngā kaihara kia kore ai rātou e mahi anō i te hara.
Ka whai wāhi atu hoki te mātauranga hapori ki te ako i ngā whanaungatanga pirihimana-hapori, te whakawhirinaki a te marea ki ngā umanga ture, me te pānga o te whakama ki ngā herehere o mua. I taua wā, ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga kriminology ngā raraunga me ngā tātaritanga motuhake ake mō ngā tauira hara, ngā tikanga, ngā wāhi whakaraerae, me ngā kōtaha mōrearea, kia taea ai te whakawhanake kaupapa here kua arotahi ake.
Te Katinga
He hononga whakakaha te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hapori me te mātauranga hara tetahi ki tetahi. Ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga hara he anga whānui hei mārama ki te mahi a te hapori: te āhua o te hanganga o ngā tikanga, te āhua o te kore taurite, te āhua o te awe o ngā rōpū i ngā tāngata takitahi, me te āhua o te whakahaere o te mana. Ka arotahi te mātauranga hara ki tēnei anga ki te āhuatanga o te hara: ōna take, ōna tukanga, ōna pānga, me pēhea te whakatika. He āhuatanga pāpori te hara, nō reira me whakauru ngā mea e rua ki te māramatanga whānui. Mā te tiro ki te hara hei hua o te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā hanganga pāpori, ka taea e tātou te whakatakoto rautaki e kore e whiu noa engari e ārai ana, e whakatika ana, e hanga ana hoki i tētahi hapori tika ake, haumaru ake.
