Te Ariā Hapori a Max Weber
Ko Maximilian Carl Emil Weber, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko Max Weber, tētahi o ngā tohunga pāpori whai mana nui i roto i te hītori o te pūtaiao pāpori. I whānau mai i te 21 o Paenga-whāwhā, 1864, i Erfurt, Tiamana, he nui ngā takoha a Weber ki te whanaketanga o te pāpori hei kaupapa pūtaiao. E mōhiotia ana a Weber mō tana tātaritanga whānui o te tari kāwanatanga, te tikanga matatika Porotetana, me te wairua o te pūnaha tāpua, tae atu ki tana ariā mō te mahi pāpori. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi o ngā ariā matua a Max Weber i hanga i te whakaaro arohaehae i roto i te pāpori o ēnei rā.
1. Mahi Hapori
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Weber ki te hapori pāpori ko te ariā o te mahi pāpori. Ko te mahi pāpori he whanonga tangata e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā whanonga o ētahi atu, ā, e anga ana ki te whakatutuki i tētahi whāinga motuhake. E whā ngā momo mahi pāpori pai rawa atu i wehewehea e Weber:
– Mahi Whaiaro-Taputapu: Ka arahina tēnei mahi e ngā whāinga me ngā tātaitanga whai whakaaro mō te huarahi pai hei whakatutuki i aua whāinga. Hei tauira, ka whakarerekē te kaipakihi i tā rātou rautaki hokohoko i runga i te tātari mākete hei whakapiki i ngā hua.
– Mahi Uara-Whakaaroaro: I roto i tēnei momo, ka mahia ngā mahi i runga i te whakapono ki te uara tūturu o tētahi mahi, ahakoa te putanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā mahi a tētahi kaiwhakahau e whawhai ana mō te tika pāpori i runga i ngā mātāpono matatika, ahakoa te mōrearea whaiaro.
– Ngā Mahi Ā-Kare ā-roto: Ko ēnei ngā mahi e ārahihia ana e ngā kare ā-roto, e ngā kare ā-roto rānei i taua wā, pērā i ngā mahi a te tangata e tangi ana nā te mate, e riri ana rānei nā te mea kua whakaititia.
– Ngā Mahi Tuku Iho: Ko ēnei mahi e ahu mai ana i ngā tikanga tuku iho i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. Hei tauira, ko ngā mahi tuku iho, ko ngā kawa whakapono rānei e mau tonu ana i roto i tētahi hapori.
I whakanui a Weber me mārama ngā kaimātai hapori ki te tikanga o ēnei mahi pāpori mā te whakamahi i te huarahi verstehen, arā, te māramatanga hōhonu, hei tūhura i ngā take e mahi ai ngā tāngata i roto i ētahi horopaki pāpori.
2. Ariā Tari
He tangata matua a Weber i te whakawhanake i te ariā o te tari whakahaere hou. I whakapono ia ko te tari whakahaere te momo whakahaere tino whai hua me te whai whakaaro nui nā te mea e mahi ana i runga i ngā ture, ngā tikanga, me ngā kaupapa matua mārama. E ai ki a Weber, ko ngā āhuatanga o te tari whakahaere ko:
– Te wehewehenga mahi mārama: He mahi me he mana motuhake tā ia tangata i roto i te tari kāwanatanga.
– Te whakarōpūtanga mana: He hanganga kāwanatanga āhua piramiti kei reira te mana o ia taumata ki runga ake i te taumata i raro iho.
– Pūnaha ture me ngā whakaritenga: Ka whakahaerehia te mahi a te tari kāwanatanga mā roto i ngā ture taipitopito, pakari hoki.
– Te Kore-whaiaro: Ko ngā whakataunga me ngā taunekeneke i roto i te tari kāwanatanga he mea kore-whaiaro kia mau tonu ai te kore whakaaro me te tika.
– Te whakatūnga i runga i ngā tohu mātauranga: Ko ngā tūranga i roto i te tari kāwanatanga me whakakī e te hunga kei a rātou ngā tohu mātauranga me ngā pūkenga e hiahiatia ana.
I tautohe a Weber he tino whai hua te mahi a te tari kāwanatanga ki te whakahaere i ngā mahi whakahaere uaua, engari ka taea hoki e ia te arahi ki te whakakorekore i te tangata me te whakawehewehe nā te mea he tino mīhini rawa, he kore-whaiaro hoki.
3. Ngā Tikanga Matatika Porotetani me te Wairua o te Pūtea
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi rongonui a Weber ko "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism." I roto i tēnei pukapuka, e kī ana a Weber he mea nui ngā whakaakoranga Porotetana, inā koa ko te whakapono Calvin, ki te whanaketanga o te pūnaha tāpua hou.
I whakaatu a Weber i te whakanui a te Karawini i te mahi uaua, te whakahaere i a ia anō, me te noho pōuri (he oranga ngāwari me te kore taonga papai) hei huarahi ki te whakatutuki i te karakia. Kātahi ka whakatōkia ēnei uara e te tangata hei wāhanga o ā rātou tikanga mahi. I whakaakona hoki e te Karawini te inenga, arā, ko te hunga i angitu ā-ōhanga ka kitea hei tohu o te manaakitanga, o te whiringa rānei a te Atua. Nō reira, ko te angitu i roto i te mahi a te tangata ka kitea hei whakaata i te manaakitanga a te Atua ki taua tangata.
E ai ki a Weber, nā ēnei uara i ara ake ai te pūnaha pūtea nā te mea i akiakihia te tangata ki te mahi kaha me te whakangao anō i ā rātou hua ki ngā mahi whai hua – he āhuatanga nui tēnei mō te whanaketanga o te ōhanga pūnaha pūtea.
4. Mana me te Mana Whakahaere
I whai wāhi nui anō hoki a Weber ki te māramatanga ki te mana me te mana whakahaere. E toru ngā momo mana whakahaere i wehewehea e ia i runga i tō rātou mana:
– Mana Tuku Iho: I runga i ngā tikanga tuku iho me ngā tikanga tuku iho. Ka whiwhi ngā rangatira o tēnei momo i tō rātou mana mā te tuku iho, mā te tikanga tuku iho rānei, pērā i ngā kīngi, ngā rangatira iwi rānei.
– Mana Karismatika: I runga i te karisma, i ngā pūkenga whakamiharo rānei o tētahi tangata e kitea ana e āna akonga he kaiārahi whai mana nui ake. Hei tauira, ko ngā kaiārahi hurihuri, ko ngā poropiti rānei.
– Mana Ture-Whakaaro: I runga i tētahi pūnaha ture me ngā tikanga whai tikanga kua whakaritea. Ka pōtitia ngā kaiārahi o tēnei momo mā roto i ngā tikanga tika e ai ki te ture, pērā i te perehitini, te mēra rānei.
E ai ki a Weber, ko te whanaketanga o te hapori hou e anga whakamua ana ki te mana ture-māori nā te mea e kiia ana he whai hua ake, he pūnaha ake hoki i roto i te whakahaere i ngā take tūmatanui, i te mana tuku iho, i te mana karismatika rānei.
Whakamutunga
Kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā takoha a Max Weber ki te hapori pāpori i roto i te tātaritanga o te hanganga pāpori, te tari kāwanatanga, te whakapono, me te mahi pāpori. Ko ngā ariā pēnei i te mahi pāpori, te tari kāwanatanga, te tikanga Porotetana, me ngā momo mana whakahaere he anga kaha hei mārama ki ngā nekehanga o te hapori hou. Mā te mārama hohonu ki ngā ariā a Weber, ka taea e tātou te tātari i ngā āhuatanga pāpori maha me te huarahi arohaehae me te whai mōhiotanga. Kāore i te whakarato noa a Weber i ngā taputapu tātari hohonu engari i whakatuwhera hoki i te wāhi mō te whakaaroaro whānui mō ngā taunekeneke tangata i roto i ngā horopaki pāpori maha.
