Te Pānga Hapori o te Huringa Ahumahi
Ko te Huringa Ahumahi, i roa mai i te mutunga o te rautau 18 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa nui rawa atu o te hītori o te tangata. I tīmata i Ingarangi, ā, i horapa puta noa i te ao, i tino whakarerekē te Huringa Ahumahi i te āhua o te noho me te mahi a te tangata. Ahakoa he tokomaha e whakaatu ana i ngā whanaketanga hangarau me te ōhanga i puta mai, he hohonu, he kanorau hoki ōna pānga pāpori. Ma tēnei tuhinga e whakarato he tirohanga hōhonu ki ngā pānga pāpori o te Huringa Ahumahi, tae atu ki ngā huringa o te hanganga pāpori, ngā āhuatanga mahi, te noho tāone, me ōna pānga ki ngā whānau me ngā hapori.
1. Ngā Huringa o te Hanganga Hapori
I mua i te Huringa Ahumahi, ko te nuinga o ngā hapori o Ūropi me Amerika Te Raki i whakawhirinaki ki te ahuwhenua, me ngā hanganga pāpori pumau me te whakarōpū. I te nuinga o te wā i pokapū te oranga hapori ki ngā kāinga iti, ā, ko ngā mahi matua he ahuwhenua, he mahi toi rānei. Heoi, i kawea mai e te Huringa Ahumahi ngā huringa nui ki ngā tikanga whakaputa me te tohatoha, ā, i te mutunga ka hurihia ngā hanganga pāpori.
I te whakaurunga mai o ngā mīhini hou me ngā tikanga whakaputa papatipu, ka tere te tipu o ngā ahumahi pēnei i te kakahu, te keri, me te hanga. Nā tēnei i hanga he akomanga hou o ngā kaimahi ahumahi e rerekē ana i ngā kaiahuwhenua tuku iho me ngā tohunga toi iti. Nā te putanga mai o te akomanga mahi (proletariat) me te akomanga pūtea (bourgeoisie) i hanga he rerekētanga koi i roto i te taonga me te mana.
I whānui haere te rerekētanga i waenganui i te hunga whai rawa me te hunga rawakore, ā, i nui ngā hua i riro i ngā rangatira wheketere me ngā kaipakihi, i te mea he maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā kaimahi e ngā āhuatanga mahi kino me ngā utu iti. Nā tēnei kore taurite pāpori i ara ake ai ngā nekehanga pāpori me ngā nekehanga tōrangapū, pērā i ngā nekehanga mahi me ngā mahi whakahou pāpori.
2. Ngā Āhuatanga Mahi i te Wheketere
I rongonui te Huringa Ahumahi mō te pikinga ake o te whai huatanga o te whakaputanga, engari he maha ngā wā i puta mai ai he utu nui ki ngā kaimahi. Ko ngā āhuatanga mahi i roto i te maha o ngā wheketere i taua wā ka taea te kī he kino, he koretake hoki. He maha ngā wā i mahi ai ngā kaimahi, tae atu ki ngā wāhine me ngā tamariki, i ngā huringa roa tae atu ki te 12 ki te 16 hāora ia rā. I tua atu, he tino iti ā rātou utu, he maha ngā wā kāore e ranea hei tautoko i ō rātou whānau.
Ka kino ake ēnei āhuatanga mahi uaua nā te taiao mahi morearea. He maha ngā wā kāore he tikanga haumaru i roto i ngā wheketere, ā, ka noho noa ngā aituā me ngā whara i te wāhi mahi. He maha ngā wheketere he ngoikore te hauhautanga, he koretake te rama, ā, kāore he ārai haumaru mō ngā mīhini.
Heoi, i puta te whakahē a ngā kaimahi i tēnei āhuatanga. Ka tīmata te horapa o ngā porotēhi me ngā whakahē, me te akiaki i ngā kāwanatanga me ngā kaitukumahi ki te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga mahi me te whakatinana i ngā ture tiaki kaimahi. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, i whakatinanahia ngā ture mahi e whakawhāiti ana i ngā hāora mahi, e aukati ana i te mahi tamariki, ā, e whakatū ana i ngā paerewa haumaru i te wāhi mahi.
3. Te noho tāone
I puta mai anō hoki i te Huringa Ahumahi ngā huringa nui ki te taupori me te hanganga o ngā tāone nui. Ko te noho tāone, arā, te nekehanga o te tangata mai i ngā tāone iti ki ngā tāone nui, he āhuatanga nui i taua wā. I te whakatūnga o ngā wheketere me ngā ahumahi hou, he tokomaha te hunga i whakarērea ō rātou oranga taiwhenua ki te rapu mahi i ngā tāone nui.
I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te haere tahi te tere o te tipu o ngā tāone me te whakamahere tāone tika. He maha ngā tāone nui i taua wā, pērā i a Rānana me Mānata, i pāngia e te pikinga tere o te taupori, ā, i puta ai ngā momo raruraru pāpori me te taiao. I kīkī rawa ngā wāhi noho, ā, he kino te akuaku me te iti o ngā whakaurunga.
He uaua te noho i ngā wāhi rawakore o te tāone nui. He maha ngā whānau e noho ana i roto i ngā whare noho kīkī rawa, ā, he iti noa te urunga atu ki te wai ma me te hauora. Nā tēnei ka nui haere ngā mate pipiri me te mate, inā koa i waenga i ngā tamariki.
Heoi anō, he maha ngā painga o tēnei noho tāone. Ka noho ngā tāone hei pokapū auaha me te ahurea, me te putanga mai o ngā whare wānanga, ngā whare taonga, ngā whare tapere, me ētahi atu whare tūmatanui. Ka tere ake, ka whai hua ake hoki te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro me ngā mōhiotanga, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te ahunga whakamua o te hapori.
4. Pānga ki te Whānau me te Hapori
I pāngia hoki te hanganga me ngā mahi a te whānau e ngā huringa ōhanga me te pāpori i puta mai i te Huringa Ahumahi. I mua i te hurihanga, he maha ngā wā ka mahi tahi ngā whānau i ngā pāmu, i ā rātou pakihi toi rānei. Heoi, i te nekehanga o te mahi ki ngā wheketere me ngā ahumahi, ka tīmata te neke haere o ngā tūranga me ngā kawenga i roto i te whānau.
He tokomaha ngā mema o te whānau, tae atu ki ngā wāhine me ngā tamariki, i uru atu ki te ao mahi ahumahi. Nā tēnei i whakarerekē ngā tūranga whānau tuku iho, ā, he maha ngā wāhine i mahi i waho o te kāinga mō te wā tuatahi. Ahakoa i nui ake ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga mō ngā whānau, i puta mai anō hoki ngā wero hou, pērā i te whakahaere i ngā pūtea o te whare me te tiaki i ngā tamariki.
Hei tāpiri atu, nā te karaka, he maha ngā hapori tuku iho e pakarukaru ana i te hekenga o te tangata ki ngā tāone nui. Ko te tautoko pāpori kaha i mua i waenga i ngā hoa noho me ngā whānau whānui ka tīmata te ngoikore i te mea ka urutau te tangata ki tētahi taiao tāone takitahi, he maha ngā wā kāore he ingoa.
5. Pānga Ahurea me te Hinengaro
I awe anō hoki te Huringa Ahumahi i te whakaaro me te whakanui i te mahi uaua ki te tangata. Ko ngā uara pēnei i te whai hua, te auahatanga, me te hua i tino whakanuia i roto i te hapori. I tua atu, ko te putanga mai o te akomanga mahi me ngā wero i pā ki a ia i whakaoho i te maha o ngā whare whakaaro hinengaro, mai i a Karl Marx rāua ko Friedrich Engels, nāna i tuhi mō te pūnaha tāke me te pakanga akomanga, ki ngā kaiwhakahou hapori i whai ki te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga noho me te mahi a ngā kaimahi.
Nā te mōhiotanga e tipu haere ana ki te kore taurite o te pāpori me te ōhanga i āwhina i te hanga i ngā kaupapa pāpori me te tōrangapū e pā tonu ana ki te ao hou. I piki haere te kaha o ngā kaupapa mō ngā tika o ngā kaimahi, te tautoko i ngā tika o ngā wāhine, me ngā momo whakarerekētanga pāpori me te ōhanga i roto i tēnei wā, ā, i muri mai hoki.
Te Katinga
Kāore e kore he nui te pānga pāpori o te Huringa Ahumahi. Mai i ngā huringa o ngā hanganga pāpori, ngā āhuatanga mahi tino kino, te noho tāone nui, tae atu ki ngā huringa o ngā whanaungatanga whānau me te hapori, i puta mai i tēnei wā ngā huringa nui i hanga i ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao hou.
Ahakoa he maha ngā wero i puta mai i ēnei pānga, i puta mai anō hoki ngā auahatanga me ngā whanaketanga maha i roto i ngā momo mara. I whakaatuhia e ēnei panonitanga te mana o te urutau tangata me tōna kaha ki te akiaki i ngā panonitanga mō te pai whānui. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, kei te awe tonu te taonga tuku iho o te Huringa Ahumahi i te āhua o tō tātou noho, mahi, me te taunekeneke i roto i tētahi hapori ao e uaua haere ana, e hono tonu ana.
