Te ariā kinetic o ngā hau me te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics – ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1. Kei roto i tētahi ipu he 4 rita te rōrahi o ngā hau pai, ā, ko tōna pēhanga he 3 atm (1 atm = 10 5 Nm -2 ). Ka whakamahanahia ngā hau pai i te pēhanga pumau mai i te 27 ° C ki te 87 ° C. Ko te kaha wera o te hau he 9 JK -1 . He aha te rōrahi whakamutunga o ngā hau me te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o ngā hau?
otinga
Tukanga isobaric (pēhanga pumau)
Mōhiotia:
Ko te rōrahi tīmatanga o te hau (V 1 ) = 4 rita
Ko te pāmahana tīmatanga o te hau (T 1 ) = 27 o C + 273 = 300 K
Ko te pāmahana whakamutunga o te hau (T 2 ) = 87 o C + 273 = 360 K
Te pēhanga o te hau (P) = 3 atm = 3 x 10 5 Nm -2
Ko te kaha wera o te hau (C) = 9 JK -1
E hiahiatia ana: Te rōrahi whakamutunga o te hau (V 2 ) me te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o te hau (ΔU)
Rongoā:
Whakatauhia te rōrahi whakamutunga mā te whakamahi i te whārite o te ture a Charles (tukanga isobaric, pēhanga pumau rānei):
Te huringa o te rahinga:
1 rita = 0.001 m3
Te rōrahi tīmatanga (V 1 ) = 4 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.004 m 3
Te rōrahi whakamutunga (V 2 ) = 4.8 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.0048 m 3
Ko te huringa o te rōrahi (ΔV) = V 2 – V 1 = 0.0048 m 3 – 0.004 m 3 = 0.008 m 3.
Te huringa o te pāmahana:
Te huringa o te pāmahana (ΔT) = T 2 – T 1 = 360 K – 300 K = 60 K
Tātaihia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto (ΔU) o te hau tino pai mā te whakamahi i te whārite o te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics.
ΔU = Q – W
ΔU = te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto, Q = wera, W = mahi
Whakatauhia te mahi (W) i te pēhanga pumau:
W = P ΔV = (3 x 10 5 )(0.0008) = (3 x 10 1 )(8) = (30)(8) = 240 Joule
Tātaihia te wera (Q) mā te whakamahi i te whārite o te kaha wera (C):
C = Q / ΔT
Q = (C)(ΔT) = (9)(60) = 540 Joules
Whakatauhia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto:
ΔU = Q – W = 540 Joule – 240 Joule = 300 Joule.
2. E 6 rita o ngā hau pai i te 2 atm kei roto i tētahi ipu (1 atm = 10 5 Nm -2 ). Ka whakamahanahia te hau mai i te 27 ° C ki te 77 ° C i te pēhanga pumau. Mena ko te kaha wera o te hau he 5 JK -1 , he aha te rōrahi whakamutunga me te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o te hau.
Rongoā:
Tukanga isobaric (pēhanga pumau)
Mōhiotia:
Ko te rōrahi tīmatanga o ngā hau pai (V 1 ) = 6 rita
Ko te pāmahana tīmatanga o ngā hau pai (T 1 ) = 27 o C + 273 = 300 K
Ko te pāmahana whakamutunga o ngā hau pai (T 2 ) = 77 o C + 273 = 350 K
Ko te pēhanga o ngā hau pai (P) = 2 atm = 2 x 10 5 Nm -2
Ko te kaha wera o ngā hau (C) = 5 JK -1
E hiahiatia ana: Te rōrahi whakamutunga o te hau (V 2 ) me te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o te hau (ΔU)
Rongoā:
Whakatauhia te rōrahi whakamutunga o te hau mā te whakamahi i te whārite o te ture a Charles (tukanga isobaric, pēhanga pumau rānei):
Te huringa o te rahinga:
1 rita = 0.001 m3
Ko te rōrahi tīmatanga (V 1 ) = 6 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.006 m 3
Ko te rōrahi whakamutunga (V 2 ) = 7 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.007 m 3
Te panonitanga o te rōrahi (ΔV) = V 2 – V 1 = 0.007 m 3 – 0.006 m 3 = 0.001 m 3
Te huringa o te pāmahana:
Te huringa o te pāmahana (ΔT) = T 2 – T 1 = 350 K – 300 K = 50 K
Tātaihia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto (ΔU) o ngā hau pai mā te whakamahi i te whārite o te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics.
ΔU = Q – W
ΔU = te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto, Q = wera, W = mahi
Whakatauhia te mahi (W) i te pēhanga pumau:
W = P ΔV = (2 x 10 5 )(0.001) = (2 x 10 2 )(1) = (200)(1) = 200 Joule
Tātaihia te wera (Q) mā te whakamahi i te whārite o te kaha wera (C):
C = Q / ΔT
Q = (C)(ΔT) = (5)(50) = 250 Joules
Whakatauhia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto:
ΔU = Q – W = 250 Joule – 200 Joule = 50 Joule.
- He aha ngā whakapae matua o te ariā nekenetika o ngā hau?
- whakahoki: E whakaaro ana te ariā nekeneke o ngā hau: (a) He maha ngā matūriki ririki o ngā hau e nekeneke matapōkere tonu ana; (b) He tawhiti te tawhiti o ēnei matūriki i runga i tō rātou rahi; (c) He pīngore ngā tukinga i waenga i ngā matūriki hau, i waenga rānei i tētahi matūriki me ngā pakitara o tōna ipu (arā, kāore he pūngao nekeneke e ngaro); (d) Kāore he kaha i waenga i ngā matūriki hau; me (e) He rite tonu te pūngao nekeneke toharite o ngā matūriki hau ki te pāmahana tino o te hau.
- He aha te hononga o te pūngao nekeneke toharite o ngā ngota hau ki te pāmahana o te hau?
- whakahoki: He rite tonu te kaha nekeneke toharite o ngā ngota hau ki te pāmahana tino (i roto i te Kelvin) o te hau. I te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka piki anō hoki te kaha nekeneke toharite o ngā ngota.
- He aha te hiranga o te kore tino i runga i te nekehanga ngota?
- whakahoki: Ko te kore tino (0 Kelvin) te pāmahana e mutu ai ngā nekehanga ngota katoa. Koinei te pāmahana iti rawa e kore ai he mea e makariri ake, ā, kāore he pūngao wera e toe ana i roto i tētahi matū.
- He aha te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics e pā ana ki te pūngao ā-roto, te wera, me te mahi?
- whakahoki: E kī ana te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics ko te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o tētahi pūnaha he rite ki te wera i tāpirihia ki te pūnaha me te tango i te mahi i mahia e te pūnaha ki ōna taiao: ΔU = Q – W.
- I roto i tētahi tukanga isochoric, he aha te mea ka pā ki te mahi i mahia e te pūnaha, e mahia ana rānei i runga i te pūnaha?
- whakahoki: I roto i te tukanga isochoric, ka noho pūmau te rōrahi. Nō reira, kāore he mahi e mahia ana e te pūnaha, e mahia ana rānei i runga i te pūnaha, nā te mea ko te mahi i roto i ēnei take ka homai e te mahi pēhanga-rōrahi, ka kore pea mēnā kāore te rōrahi e rerekē.
- He aha te tikanga o te kīnga he "tino pai" te hau?
- whakahoki: Ko te hau "tino pai" he hau e whai ana i te ture hau tino pai (PV = nRT) i raro i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te pāmahana me te pēhanga. Ko tōna tikanga hoki, ka tino whai te hau i ngā poutū o te ariā nekeneke, kāore he kaha i waenga i ngā ngota ngota, kāore hoki he tukinga tino ngāwari.
- He aha te rerekētanga o ngā hau tūturu i te whanonga o ngā hau pai?
- whakahoki: Ka rerekē ngā hau tūturu i te whanonga pai i ngā pēhanga teitei me ngā pāmahana iti. Nā te aroaro o ngā kaha i waenga i ngā ngota ngota me te rahi mutunga kore o ngā ngota hau tēnei. Ka whakaahuahia ngā rerekētanga e te whārite van der Waals me ētahi atu whārite rite.
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He aha te take e taea ai te whakaaro ko te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics he ture tiaki taiao?
- whakahoki: Ka taea te kī ko te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics he ture tiaki pūngao nā te mea e kī ana kāore e taea te waihanga, te whakangaro rānei i te pūngao, engari me whakawhiti, me huri rānei mai i tētahi āhua ki tētahi atu. He whakaata tēnei i te mātāpono o te tiaki pūngao.
