Te Hītori o te Whanaketanga o te Ariā Atomika
Ko te rapunga ki te mārama ki te āhua taketake o te matū he kaupapa matua o te rangahau pūtaiao mō ngā mano tau. Ko te whanaketanga o te ariā ngota he haerenga i roto i ngā hītori o te whakaaro tangata, te kitenga pūtaiao, me te whanaketanga hangarau. E whakaatu ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā tohu hītori o te ariā ngota, mai i ngā whakaaroaro matatika tawhito ki te miihini irahiko hou.
1. Ngā Tīmatanga Matatau o Mua
I ahu mai te ariā o te ngota i Kariki onamata, i te tau 400 BCE pea. Nā te tohunga whakaaro a Democritus, me tana kaiārahi a Leucippus, i whakaaro tuatahi ko te mea he mea hanga mai i ngā matūriki kore e taea te wehewehe e kiia nei ko ngā ngota (nō te kupu Kariki "atomos," ko te tikanga kāore e taea te tapahi). I whakapae a Democritus he mea pumau, he mea kore e taea te whakangaro, ā, he rerekē noa te āhua me te rahi. Ahakoa tōna hiranga, kāore i te kitea he taunakitanga ā-wheako i tēnei ariā ngota o mua, ā, he mea rapunga whakaaro noa iho.
I te rerekētanga, i whakakahoretia e Aristotle, tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro whai mana o taua wā, te ariā o ngā ngota. I whakapono ia ko ngā mea katoa he mea tito mai i ngā huānga e whā: te whenua, te wai, te hau, me te ahi, ā, i pupuri ia i te whakakotahitanga o ēnei huānga i ngā ōwehenga rerekē hei hanga i ngā mea katoa. Ko te tirohanga a Aristotle te mea i kaha ki te whakaaro pūtaiao mō te tata ki te rua mano tau, ā, i whakaroa i te ahunga whakamua o te ariā ngota.
2. Te Renaissance me te Wā o Mua o te Ao Hou
I mau tonu te koretake o te ariā atomika i te Waenganui o ngā Tau. Heoi, i te wā o te Renaissance (rau tau 14 ki te 17) i puta ai te hiahia hou ki te pūtaiao empirika me te ako i te taiao. I te tau 1620, nā te huarahi tikanga a Tā Francis Bacon ki te rangahau pūtaiao i whakatakoto te turanga mō ngā whakamātautau ā muri ake nei, ahakoa kāore ia i aro ki te ariā atomika.
I ngā tau 1660, i whakahaerehia e Robert Boyle ngā whakamātautau i whakahē i te ariā whā-huānga a Aristotle, ā, i kīia ko te mea hanga he tinana (he matūriki ririki). I whakaatuhia e ngā mahi a Boyle ka taea te wawahi i ngā rauemi rerekē ki ngā matū māmā ake, ka whakatakoto i te ara mō te matū hou.
3. Te rautau 18: Te Māramatanga me te Matū o Mua
I te rautau 18, i kitea ngā whanaketanga nui o te rangahau i ngā hau me ngā ture e whakahaere ana i ngā tauhohenga matū. Nā Antoine Lavoisier, e kiia ana ko te "matua o te matū hou," i whakatū te tiaki i te papatipu i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū. Ko te tikanga o tēnei mātāpono he mea hanga ngā matū i ngā poraka hanga taketake kāore e hangaia, e whakangaromia rānei, engari ka whakaritea anō i roto i ngā tukanga matū.
I runga i ngā mahi a Lavoisier, i puta mai tētahi atu tino tangata, a John Dalton, i te tīmatanga o te rautau 19. Nā Dalton i whakawhanake te ariā ngota hou tuatahi i te tau 1803. I whakaarohia e ia ko ngā huānga he mea tito mai i ngā matūriki iti, kāore e taea te wehewehe e kiia nei ko ngā ngota, he taumaha āhua motuhake tō ia huānga. I whakamāramahia e te ariā a Dalton te take i honoa ai ngā huānga i roto i ngā ōwehenga pumau, ā, i tukuna he huarahi ki te ine i ngā huānga, hei whakau i te turanga mō ngā whanaketanga ā muri ake nei i roto i te matū me te ariā ngota.
4. Te mutunga o te rautau 19: Te kitenga o ngā matūriki iti-ngota
Ko te haurua whakamutunga o te rautau 19 te tīmatanga o ngā kitenga i wero i te ariā o ngā ngota kore e taea te wehewehe. I te tau 1897, i kitea e JJ Thomson te irahiko mā roto i tana mahi ki ngā hihi katote. I whakaaro a Thomson kāore ngā ngota i te kitea engari he mea tito mai i ngā matūriki iti ake, he kino te utu, kua whakauruhia ki roto i tētahi whāriki kino te utu. I kī tēnei tauira "pūtini paramu" he marara ngā irahiko puta noa i tētahi "hūpa" kino te utu.
Ahakoa tōna huarahi auaha, i pāngia te tauira a Thomson e ngā wero. I te tau 1909, i whakahaerehia e Ernest Rutherford, he tauira o mua nā Thomson, te whakamātautau konumohe koura rongonui. I kite ia ka taea e ngā matūriki ārepa te haere mā roto i te konumohe engari ko ētahi i pehia i ngā koki nui. I whakatau a Rutherford me whai karihi matotoru, he pai te utu o ngā ngota, ā, he wāhi takoto kau te nuinga. Nā tēnei tauira karihi o te ngota i tino whakarerekē te māramatanga ki te hanganga ngota.
5. Te Tīmatanga o te rautau 20: Te Hangarau Irahiko
He wā hurihuri te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 mō te ariā ngota, i raro i te mana o te miihini irahiko. I te tau 1913, i whakakotahi a Niels Bohr i te tauira karihi a Rutherford me ngā mātāpono irahiko hei whakaaro ko ngā irahiko kei roto i ngā porowhita motuhake huri noa i te karihi, me ngā pūngao pumau. I whakamāramahia e tēnei tauira ngā ira tukunga o ngā ngota, ā, koinei te tīmatanga o te ariā irahiko irahiko.
I ahu mai ētahi atu whanaketanga i a Erwin Schrödinger rāua ko Werner Heisenberg i ngā tau 1920. Nā Schrödinger i whakawhanake te tikanga ngaru, e whakaahua ana i ngā irahiko hei mahi ngaru kaua ki ngā matūriki i roto i ngā porowhita pumau. I whakaurua mai e Heisenberg te mātāpono koretake, e kī ana kāore e taea te ine i te tūranga me te nekehanga o te irahiko i te wā kotahi me te tika. Ko ēnei ariā te pūtake o te tikanga irahiko, ā, i tino whakarerekē i te māramatanga o te whanonga me te hanganga ngota.
6. Te Waenganui o te Rau Tau 20: Te Kitea o te Neutron me ngā Whakatairanga i roto i te Ahupūngao Karihi
Nā te kitenga o te neutron e James Chadwick i te tau 1932 i tāpiri atu tētahi atu paparanga ki te ariā ngota. Ko ngā neutron, me ngā proton, ka hanga i te karihi ngota, e karapotia ana e te kapua o ngā irahiko. Nā te māramatanga o te hanganga ngota i tino mārama ake, i āwhina i te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao karihi me te ako i ngā tauhohenga karihi.
I waenganui o te rautau 20 i kitea ai te whanaketanga o ngā patu karihi tuatahi me ngā tauhohenga karihi. Ko ngā mahi a ngā kaipūtaiao pērā i a Enrico Fermi rāua ko Robert Oppenheimer i te wā o te Kaupapa Manhattan i whakaatu i te mana nui e mau ana i roto i te karihi ngota, e whakaatu ana i te pūmanawa me te mōrearea o te pūngao ngota.
7. Ngā Whanaketanga Hou me te Ariā Mara Ianuma
Kei te whanake tonu te ariā ngota me ngā whanaketanga o te ariā mara irahiko me te ahupūngao matūriki. Kua kitea e ngā kaipūtaiao he maha ngā matūriki iti-atomika, pērā i ngā kuaraka me ngā kuruona, e tito ana i ngā porotona me ngā iutūniora. E whakaahua ana te Tauira Paerewa o te ahupūngao matūriki i ēnei matūriki taketake me ā rātou taunekeneke, e whakarato ana i tētahi anga whānui mō te mārama ki te matū i ngā tauine iti rawa.
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua whakamāramahia ake te hanganga me te whanonga o ngā ngota e ngā tikanga whakamātautau pēnei i ngā whakatere matūriki me te tirotiro matawai matatau. Nā te kitenga o te Higgs boson i te tau 2012, he matūriki e kawenga ana ki te hoatu papatipu ki ētahi atu matūriki, i whakaū i ngā āhuatanga matua o te Tauira Paerewa, ā, i whakatuwherahia ngā huarahi hou mō te tūhuratanga.
Opaniraa
Ko te hītori o te ariā atomika he tohu mō te hiahia o te tangata me te rapu tonu i te mātauranga. Mai i te rapunga whakaaro Kariki onamata ki te miihini irahiko hou, kua hangaia ia whanaketanga i runga i ngā māramatanga o ngā whakatupuranga o mua. I ēnei rā, kei te noho tonu te ariā atomika hei mara hihiri, e hangaia tonutia ana e ngā kitenga me ngā hangarau hou, i a ngā kaipūtaiao e whai ana ki te wetewete i ngā mea ngaro hohonu o te ao. Ko tēnei haerenga tonu e whakaatu ana i te āhua hohonu me te whanaketanga tonu o tō tātou māramatanga ki te matū me ngā mātāpono matua e whakahaere ana i a ia.
