He Whakamārama mō te Ture Auhikohiko a Faraday
Ko Michael Faraday, tētahi o ngā kaipūtaiao whakamātautau nui rawa atu o te rautau 19, he maha ngā takoha i tukuna e ia ki te ao o te hiko aukume, ā, i tino whakarerekē i tō tātou māramatanga ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hiko me te aukume. I roto i ana kitenga maha, ko te Ture a Faraday mō te Whakaoho Aukume e tū ana hei pou tokomanawa o te hiko aukume matarohia. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i te mauri o te Ture a Faraday, ōna mātāpono matua, ngā whakatakotoranga pāngarau, me ōna pānga me ngā tono whānui i roto i te hangarau hou.
Horopaki o mua me te kitenga
I te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1830, i whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau hou a Faraday. I tēnei wā, ko te hononga i waenga i te hiko me te aukumetanga he wāhanga rangahau pūtaiao e tipu haere ana, i whakatenatenahia e te kitenga a Hans Christian Ørsted i te aukumetanga hiko i te tau 1820. I whakaatu a Ørsted ka taea e te iahiko te whakaputa i tētahi papa aukume, ā, koinei te pūtake mō ngā tūhuratanga anō a ngā kaipūtaiao, tae atu ki a Faraday, a André-Marie Ampère, me Joseph Henry.
Nā te hiahia nui me te whakamātautau tino matatau i akiaki a Faraday, i whai ia ki te whakatau mēnā ka taea te huri i te āhua: ka taea e te papa aukume te whakaputa i te iahiko hiko? I roto i āna whakamātautau he whakatakotoranga uaua me ngā aukume, ngā koiri waea, me ngā galvanometer (ngā taputapu hei kimi i te iahiko hiko). I te tau 1831, i hua te uaua o Faraday i tana kitenga ko te neke i te aukume i roto i te koiri waea ka puta he iahiko hiko i roto i te waea, he kitenga i waiho hei turanga mō te Ture Whakaoho Hiko Aukume a Faraday.
Te Ture a Faraday i Whakatakotoria
Ka taea te kī i te Ture a Faraday mō te Whakaoho Auhikohiko i roto i ngā kupu kounga me ngā kupu tau. I tōna āhua māmā rawa, e kī ana te ture ko te huringa o te rerenga aukume i roto i te porowhita kati ka puta he kaha hikohiko (EMF) i roto i te porowhita.
I roto i te pāngarau, ko te Ture a Faraday te whakaaturanga penei:
\[ \mathcal{E} = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} \]
I konei,
– Ko te tohu a \(\mathcal{E}\) ko te kaha hiko whakaaweawe (EMF),
– Ko te \(\Phi_B\) e tohu ana i te rerenga aukume, e tautuhia ana ko \(\Phi_B = \int \vec{B} \cdot d\vec{A}\),
– Ko te papa aukume te \(\vec{B}\),
– Ko te \(d\vec{A}\) te whārite horahanga rerekētanga, ā,
– Ko te \(\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt}\) e tohu ana i te tere o te huringa o te rerenga aukume.
Kei roto hoki i te Ture a Faraday te Ture a Lenz, e whakaatuhia ana mā te tohu kino, e kī ana ko te ahunga o te EMF i whakaohokia he mea e ātete ana ki te huringa o te rerenga aukume i puta ai. Ko tēnei ātete he whakaaturanga o te mātāpono o te tiaki i te pūngao.
Whakamārama ā-tinana
Ko te rerenga aukume (\(\Phi_B\)) he ine i te nui o te aukume, me te whakaaro ki te kaha me te whānuitanga o te papa aukume i runga i tētahi wāhi kua whakaritea. I roto i ngā kupu māmā ake, he huarahi tēnei ki te ine i te katoa o te papa aukume e whiti ana i roto i tētahi mata kua whakaritea.
Ina rerekē te rerenga aukume i roto i te ara iahiko, ka puta he kaha hiko, ka panaia he iahiko mēnā ka kati te ara iahiko. Ka puta pea tēnei huringa mai i ngā rerekētanga o te kaha o te papa aukume, te horahanga o te ara iahiko (hei tauira, mā te whakawhanui, te whakawhāiti rānei i te porowhita), te aronga rānei o te ara iahiko e pā ana ki te papa aukume.
Ka taea te whakaatu i te EMF i puta mai i roto i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
1. Te Nekehanga o te Aukume: Mā te neke i te aukume i roto i te porowhita waea ka huri te rerenga aukume i roto i te porowhita, ka puta he ia. Koinei te whakaaturanga matarohia o te Ture a Faraday.
2. Te Hurihanga o te Papa Aukume: Mā te whakarerekē i te kaha o te papa aukume e karapoti ana i tētahi koropiko (me te kore e nekehia te koropiko) ka huri anō hoki i te rere me te whakaputa EMF.
3. Porowhita Hurihuri: Mā te huri i tētahi porowhita i roto i tētahi papa aukume pumau ka huri te koki i waenga i te papa aukume me te horahanga noa ki te mata o te porowhita, ka huri te rerenga.
Ngā Taupānga me ngā Pānga Hangarau
Ko te Ture a Faraday te poutokomanawa o ngā hangarau hou maha. E whakamahia ana te mātāpono o te whakapūngao hikohiko i roto i te mahi a ngā whakaputa hiko, ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā oumu whakapūngao, me ngā momo pūoko rerekē.
1. Ngā Kaihanga Hiko: Ngā mīhini e huri ana i te pūngao miihini ki te pūngao hiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te Ture a Faraday. Mā te huri i tētahi koiri i roto i tētahi papa aukume ka puta he EMF, ka whakaputa hiko. Ko tēnei mātāpono te pūtake o te whakaputa hiko i roto i ngā teihana hiko wai, hau, me te wera.
2. Ngā Whakawhiti: Ko ēnei taputapu, he mea nui ki te tohatoha hiko AC, e mahi ana i runga i te mātāpono o te ine hiko tahi, he tono tika o te Ture a Faraday. Ka whakawhitihia e rātou te pūngao hiko i waenga i ngā ara iahiko mā roto i ngā kaiārahi hono ine hiko, ka whakarerekē pai i ngā taumata ngaohiko me te iahiko.
3. Ngā Papa Tunu Auaha: Ka whakamahana tika ngā oko tunu kai e te auaha hiko aukume mā roto i ngā iahiko aukume. Ina rere te iahiko tauutuutu mā roto i te koiri o te papa tunu kai, ka puta he papa aukume e huri haere ana, ka puta ai ngā iahiko i roto i te kohua tunu aukume, ka whakaputa wera.
4. Ngā Pūrere Rokiroki me te Pānui Aukume: Ka whakamahia e ngā puku mārō me ngā kaipānui kāri aukume te Ture a Faraday. Ko te rokiroki raraunga ko te aukume i ngā wāhanga o te reo, ā, ka puta he tohu hiko ka taea te pānui ina tukuna mā te pane pānui.
5. Te Utu Ahokore me te Hangarau RFID: Ka puta te auhiko mai i ngā utu ahokore mā roto i ngā papa aukume. Waihoki, ka mahi ngā tohu RFID i runga i ngā mātāpono o te aukume hikohiko, ka puta ngā auhiko i roto i te pūihi o te tohu, ka taea ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whakawhiti raraunga.
Te Taonga Tuku Iho o Faraday
He nui atu ngā takoha a Faraday i tua atu i tana ture ingoa kotahi. Nā tana whakamārama i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hiko me te aukume i akiaki i te whanaketanga o ngā Whārite a Maxwell, e hanga ana i te tūāpapa o te aukume hiko matarohia. Mā ēnei whārite ka whakakotahi pai te hiko, te aukume, me ngā tirohanga ki roto i tētahi anga ariā piripono.
Heoi anō, nā te māramatanga o Faraday i whakatakoto te tūāpapa mō te putanga mai o te ariā ngaru hikohiko, i whakatakoto i te ara mō te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou, tae atu ki te reo irirangi, te pouaka whakaata, me te whatunga ahokore. Nā te iti o te mātauranga ōkawa, i whakaatu a Faraday i te mana o te pūtaiao whakamātautau me te māramatanga, ā, i waiho he taonga tuku iho e mau tonu ana i roto i ngā whare o te ahupūngao me te hangarau hou.
Opaniraa
Ko te Ture a Faraday mō te Whakaohohiko Hikohiko he kaupapa matua kua tino awe i te whakaaro pūtaiao me te whanaketanga hangarau. Mai i te whakakaha i ngā tāone ki te whakahohe i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahokore, kua whatua hohonu ngā māramatanga a Faraday ki te whakaohohiko hikohiko ki roto i te hanganga o te hapori hou. Nā te matatau o te ture ā-tinana, i hipa a Faraday i te wā, me te tuku i ngā kaupapa e whakamārama tonu ana, e akiaki ana hoki i te auahatanga. I tēnei rā, i a tātou e whakatere ana i tētahi wā kua tautuhia e te ahunga whakamua hangarau tere, ko te hiranga pumau o te mahi a Faraday he tohu mō te āhua mutunga kore o te rangahau me te kitenga pūtaiao.
