Taitara: Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Ariā Aho
Ko te ariā aho, he kaitono nui i roto i te rapunga ki te whakatakoto i tētahi ariā kotahi mō ngā mea katoa, ko tētahi o ngā mahi pūtaiao tino nui o tō tātou wā. E whai ana ki te whakataurite i te miihini irahiko me te whanaungatanga whānui mā te kī ehara ngā wāhanga matua o te ao i ngā matūriki rite ki te ira, engari he "aho" kotahi-ahu. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā taketake o te ariā aho, me te tuku i tētahi tirohanga māmā e āwhina ana i te mārama ki tēnei mara uaua me te whakamīharo.
Ngā Tūāpapa: Ngā Aho me ō rātou Wiri
Kei te ngākau o te ariā aho he tirohanga whakarerekē: ko te whakaaro ko ngā matūriki katoa he whakaaturanga o ngā wiri o ngā aho kotahi-ahu. Ko ēnei aho, ka taea te tuwhera (he rua ngā pito motuhake) ka kati rānei (he koropiko), ka wiri i ngā auau motuhake, me ia tauira wiri e rite ana ki tētahi matūriki rerekē. Nō reira, he rerekē te irahiko i te photon ehara i te mea he tino rerekē ngā mea, engari he aho e wiri ana i ngā aratau ahurei.
Ka horapa te ariā ki te tauine ā-ahu. E whakaarohia ana he tino iti ngā aho, i te raupapa o te roa Planck (tata ki te \(10^{-35}\) mita), he tauine e hanumi ai te ahupūngao tuku iho ki ngā ao whakaaroaro. Nā te mea ka puta ēnei wiri i ngā tauine iti nei, kei tua atu i ō tātou kaha te kite, te ako rānei i a rātou tika mā te hangarau o nāianei.
Te Āhuarite Nui: Te Hononga o ngā Boson me ngā Fermion
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino whakamīharo o te ariā aho ko tōna whakaurunga tūturu o te supersymmetry, he ariā ōrite e whakapae ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā akomanga matua e rua o ngā matūriki: ngā bosons (ngā kaikawe kaha, pērā i ngā photons me ngā gluons) me ngā fermions (ngā wāhanga matū, pērā i ngā irahiko me ngā quarks). E kī ana te supersymmetry he "hoa tino pai" tō ia matūriki me ngā āhuatanga takahuri rerekē.
He maha ngā painga ariā o te whakaurunga o te supersymmetry ki roto i te ariā aho. Ka āwhina i te whakatika i ētahi o ngā rerekētanga o te Tauira Paerewa o te ahupūngao matūriki, pērā i te raruraru hierarki, e uru ana ki te whakamārama he aha te ngoikore o te kaha ā-papatipu i ngā kaha taketake kē atu. Heoi anō, ka matapaetia e te supersymmetry ngā matūriki hou pērā i te neutralinos, he kaitono pea mō te mea pōuri—he matū ngaro e hanga ana i tētahi wāhanga nui o te pūngao papatipu o te ao.
Ngā Ahu Tāpiri: Kei tua atu i te Wāhi-Whā-Ahu
Kei roto i te anga e toro atu ana te ariā aho i tua atu i ngā taha e whā e mōhiotia ana (e toru ngā taha ā-wāhi me te taha wā kotahi). Kia mau tonu ai te pāngarau o te ariā aho, me whai taha ā-wāhi anō, kia eke ai te tapeke ki te tekau, ki te tekau mā tahi rānei taha i runga i te momo motuhake o te ariā.
Ka whakawhāitihia ēnei inenga tāpiri, ka kitea pinepinetia mā roto i ngā āhua ā-ira matatini e mōhiotia ana ko ngā momo Calabi-Yau. Ko te whakawhāititanga e kī ana he tino piripono ēnei i ngā tauine iti-atomika, ā, kāore e kitea i ngā tikanga. He kaupapa rangahau hohonu, he kaupapa rangahau tonu te mārama ki te pānga o ēnei inenga ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana i roto i tō tātou ao whā-ahu e kitea ana.
Ngā Parani: Ngā Mea Ahu-Teitei
Haunga ngā aho taketake, ka whakaahuahia e te ariā aho ngā mea ahu-teitei e mōhiotia ana ko "branes" (he whakarāpopototanga mō ngā membrane). He maha ngā ahu o ngā branes, mai i ngā pūwāhi ahu-kore ki ngā mea ahu-iwa. He mahi nui tā ēnei branes i roto i ngā whanaketanga ariā maha, hei pūwāhi mutunga mō ngā aho tuwhera, hei pūtake rānei mō ngā pānga ā-papa me te āwhata.
Ko ngā D-brane, tētahi o ngā momo e tino rangahauhia ana, he mea nui ki te tito i ngā tauira ariā aho maha. Ka whakaratohia e rātou he whakaahuatanga ōrite o ngā pānga kore-whakararuraru—ko ērā e kore e taea te hopu mā ngā tikanga whakawhānui whakararuraru ngāwari. I ētahi wā, e whakaarohia ana kei runga i tētahi brane whā-ahu te noho o tō tātou ao e kitea ana i roto i tētahi wāhi teitei ake te ahu, me ētahi mara me ngā kaha e herea ana ki tēnei brane.
Ngā Takirua: Ngā Tirohanga Maha-Mata
Ko tētahi o ngā kaha matua o te ariā aho ko te whatunga o ngā takiruatanga e hono ana i ngā momo whakatakotoranga ariā. Ko ngā takiruatanga he panonitanga pāngarau e whakaatu ana i ngā ōritetanga i waenga i ngā ariā ā-tinana rerekē. He maha ngā takiruatanga matua i roto i te ariā aho, tae atu ki:
1. T-Duality: E whakaatu ana i te ōritetanga i waenga i te aho e horapa ana i roto i te taha iti, kiato, me te aho e horapa ana i roto i te taha nui.
2. Te Rua-S: E hono ana i ngā tikanga hononga kaha me te ngoikore o ngā ariā aho rerekē, e kī ana ko ngā taunekeneke kaha i roto i tētahi tauira ka rite pea ki ngā taunekeneke ngoikore i roto i tētahi atu.
3. Te Āhua ōrite o te whakaata: He momo takirua whakamere e rua ngā āhua ā-ira o ngā taha tāpiri kua whakawhāitihia engari he rite tonu ngā ariā ā-tinana.
Mā ēnei takirua ka kitea he māramatanga hōhonu, e kī ana ko ngā momo whakatinanatanga o te ariā aho—Momo I, Momo IIA, Momo IIB, te aho rerekē SO(32), me te aho rerekē \(E_8 \times E_8\)—ehara i te mea he āhuatanga motuhake engari he hononga tahi o tētahi anga kotahi.
Ariā-M: He Pikitia Whakakotahi
I tae te tirohanga o te ariā aho ki tētahi panonitanga nui i waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1990 me te taenga mai o te ariā-M. I whakaarohia hei pikitia whakakotahi e kapi ana i ngā ariā aho e rima, ka whakauruhia e te ariā-M tētahi atu taha, ka whakanui ake i te maha o ngā taha wā-wāhi ki te tekau mā tahi. E kī ana tēnei ariā whānui ko ngā ariā aho rerekē he tirohanga iti iho te taha o tētahi ariā tekau mā tahi te taha taketake.
E whakanui ana hoki te ariā-M i te hiranga o ngā pūmua, me ngā kiriuhi (ngā pūmua-ahu-rua) me ētahi atu momo āhua teitei ake e whai wāhi nui ana. Ahakoa kei te haere tonu te whakatakoto katoa o te ariā-M, he taahiraa nui tēnei ki te whakatutuki i tētahi whakaahuatanga katoa me te kotahitanga o te ahupūngao taketake.
Nga wero me nga ahunga a meake nei
Ahakoa tōna ataahua pāngarau me tōna pūmanawa ariā, he nui ngā wero kei mua i te ariā aho. Ko tētahi take nui ko te kore o ngā taunakitanga ā-wheako, nā te iti rawa o ngā tauine e kīia ana ka mahi ngā aho. Kāore tonu i te mārama te whakamana i ngā whakamātautau, ā, he maha ngā matapae whakamātautau o te ariā aho e hiahia ana ki ngā tauine pūngao e nui atu ana i ngā āheinga hangarau o nāianei.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te "whenua" whānui o ngā āhua korehau pea (ngā otinga ki ngā whārite e whakahaere ana i te ariā aho) ka uaua ake ngā mahi ki te whakaputa matapae tuturu. Me ngā miriona otinga tika pea, ko te tautuhi i te mea e rite ana ki tō tātou ao he rite ki te kimi ngira i roto i te puranga tarutaru o te ao.
Heoi anō, kei te whakaaweawe tonu te ariā aho, kei te akiaki hoki i ngā rangahau auaha. Kua akiakihia ngā whanaketanga nui i roto i te pāngarau, kua awe i te ako i te kaha ā-pūnaha, ā, kua whakaratohia he māramatanga hōhonu ki te ahupūngao o te pōro pango me te āhua o te wā-ā-wāhi. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā mahi tonu i roto i te ao tūroa, te ahupūngao matūriki, tae noa ki te ahupūngao matūriki he maha ngā wā e whakamahi ana i ngā taputapu ariā whai rawa i whakawhanakehia i roto i te anga ariā aho.
Opaniraa
Ko te ariā aho he tohu mō te hiahia o te tangata me te whai tonu ki te mārama ki te āhua taketake o te ao tūturu. Mā te whakaaro anō i ngā matūriki hei aho wiri me te tūhura i tētahi whatu matatini o ngā āhuatanga teitei ake, ngā ōritetanga, me ngā takiruatanga, ka tukuna e te ariā aho he tirohanga whakamīharo mō tētahi ao kotahi. Ahakoa kei te heke mai pea tōna whakamanatanga whakamutunga, ko te haerenga i roto i te ariā aho kei te hanga tonu i te ara o te ahupūngao ariā hou, e whakamārama ana i ngā ara ka ārahi pea i a tātou ki te ariā ngaro o ngā mea katoa i tētahi rā.
