Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Pūtaiao Taru Ahuwhenua
Ko te pūtaiao taru ahuwhenua he peka pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā taru (ngā tipu whakaeke) i roto i te horopaki o te whakatipu hua, mai i te tautuhi, te koiora, te rauropi, tae atu ki ngā rautaki whakahaere. He mea noa te kitea o ngā taru i roto i te whenua ahuwhenua, engari he nui te pānga: te whakaiti i ngā hua o te hua, te whakanui ake i ngā utu whakaputa, me te whakarato piringa mō ngā pepeke me ngā mate urutā. He poto, he whānui hoki tēnei tuhinga e matapaki ana i ngā kaupapa matua o te pūtaiao taru ahuwhenua, e whakarato ana i te turanga mō te mārama ki te taunekeneke o ngā taru ki ngā hua kua whakatōkia, me pēhea te whakahaere pai i a rātou.
1. Te Mārama ki ngā Taru me te Take he Raru rātou
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te tautuhi i te taru hei tipu e tupu ana i tētahi wāhi kāore e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka pā kino ki te tangata, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua. E whakaatu ana tēnei whakamāramatanga he ariā mahi te "taru": ka taea e tētahi momo te noho hei hua whai hua i tētahi wāhi, engari hei taru i tētahi atu wāhi kua whakatōkia. Hei tauira, ka whai hua pea tētahi tarutaru hei whāngai kararehe, engari ka huri hei taru ina uru ki ngā mara raihi, ki ngā māra rānei.
He raruraru ngā taru nā te mea ka whakataetae rātou ki ngā tipu kua whakatōkia mō ngā rauemi nui pēnei i te wai, te māramatanga, te wāhi tipu, me ngā matūkai. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā taru te tuku i ngā matū allelopathic e aukati ana i te tipu o ngā tipu, e whakararuraru ana i te hauhake, e whakaiti ana i te kounga o te hua, ā, hei wāhi kē atu mō ngā pepeke me ngā mate.
2. Te Whakarōpūtanga o te Taru: Ngā Rōpū me ngā Āhuatanga Matua
I roto i te pūtaiao taru, he mea nui te whakarōpūtanga o ngā taru hei māmā ake te tautuhi me te whakatau i ngā rautaki whakahaere. I roto i te mahi, ka wehea ngā taru ki ngā rōpū nui e toru:
1. Ngā taru tarutaru (Poaceae/Gramineae)
Ngā āhuatanga whānui: he kakau hono, he tuwhera, he kakau totoka rānei, he rau whaiti me ngā uaua whakarara, me te pūnaha pakiaka muka. Tauira: Echinochloa crus-galli (tarutaru pāmu) i roto i ngā mara raihi.
2. Ngā tipu Cyperaceae
Ngā āhuatanga whānui: he tapatoru te āhua o ngā kakau ina tapahia whakararo, he whaiti ngā rau, ā, he maha ngā kōpura, ngā pūtake rānei e uaua ai te whakahaere. Hei tauira: Cyperus rotundus (te rākau riki), e mōhiotia ana mō tōna pakari.
3. Ngā taru rau whānui (ngā taru rau-whānui)
Ngā āhuatanga whānui: he whānui ngā rau, he uaua pine, he uaua nikau rānei, he rerekē ngā āhua o te karauna. Ngā tauira: Ageratum conyzoides (bandotan) me Amaranthus spp.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea hoki te whakarōpū i ngā taru i runga i tō rātou huringa ora:
– Ā-tau: ka oti tōna huringa ora i roto i te wā kotahi (hei tauira, he maha ngā taru rau whānui).
– Ngā wā e rua (tau rua): e rua ngā wā e hiahiatia ana hei whakaoti i te huringa.
– He tipu ā-tau: e ora ana mō ngā tau neke atu i te rua, ā, he maha ngā wā he tipu ā-pūnaha whakaputa uri (ngā rhizomes, ngā stolons, ngā kōpura).
3. Te Koiora o te Taru: He aha i Ngāwari ai te Wikitōria o ngā Taru?
Ko te painga o ngā taru ehara i te mea ko tōna manawanui anake, engari ko tōna kaha ki te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga koiora. He maha ngā taru ka taea te whakaputa i te maha o ngā purapura, ka ngawari te horapa e te hau, te wai, ngā kararehe, ngā mahi a te tangata rānei. Ko ētahi purapura taru he moe, arā, ka taea e rātou te "moe" i roto i te oneone, ā, ka pihi noa ina pai ngā āhuatanga. Mā tēnei ka hangaia he pēke purapura taru, he rahui purapura i roto i te oneone ka taea te noho hei pūtake o te whakaekenga mō ngā tau.
He rautaki anō tā ngā taru ā-tau: te whakatipu tipu. Ka taea e ngā taru pērā i te natimaka te tupu anō mai i ngā kongakonga kōpura iti e toe ana i roto i te oneone, nō reira, ki te kore e tika te whakahaere i te oneone, ka taea e rātou te whakanui ake i tō rātou taupori.
4. Te Pūtaiao o te Taru me te Taunekeneke ki ngā Tipu i Whakatipuhia
Ehara i te mea ko ngā momo taru anake te mea e tirohia ana e te pūtaiao taru engari ko ō rātou momo rauropi hoki: te taunekeneke a ngā taru ki tō rātou taiao. Ka pāngia te tipu o te taru e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te mārama, te pāmahana, te haumākū, te pH o te oneone, te kakano o te oneone, me ngā mahi whakahaere whenua. Hei tauira, ko te whenua e ngau kinotia ana (e parautia ana, e tangohia ana, e whakawāteatia ana rānei) ka puta he taru paionia e tere tipu ana.
He mea nui te whakataetae taru ki ngā hua i ngā wāhanga tōmua o te tipu. Ko tētahi ariā e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te wā whakahaere taru nui, arā, te wā e tino pāngia ana ngā hua e te taru. Mēnā ka waihotia ngā taru kia kore e rongoatia i tēnei wā, ka nui te ngaronga o te hua, ā, he maha ngā wā ka kore e taea te whakatika, ahakoa ka whakahaerea ngā taru i muri mai.
Haunga te whakataetae, ka taea e ngā taru te whakaputa:
– Alelopatia: te tukunga o ngā matū e aukati ana i te whakatipu, i te tupu rānei o ngā tipu kua whakatōkia.
– Kāinga mō ngā pepeke/mate: ka noho ngā taru hei wāhi whakaputa uri mō ngā pepeke, ngā nematode, ngā pathogens rānei.
– Ngā raruraru o te kotinga: ka uaua te kotinga i ngā taru roa, i ngā tataramoa rānei, ā, ka nui ake te poke o ngā rauemi.
5. Ngā Mātāpono o te Whakahaere Taru: Mai i te Ārai ki te Whakahaere Whakauru
Ehara i te mea ko te patu noa i ngā taru e kitea ana te mahi whakahaere taru, engari ko te pehi hoki i ō rātou taupori ki raro i te paepae kino. Ko ngā rautaki whakahaere whānui ko:
a. Ārai (ārai)
Ko te whāinga o te ārai he ārai i te uru mai o ngā taru kino, te horapa rānei. Hei tauira:
– te whakamahi i ngā purapura kua whakamanahia kāore he taru,
– horoia ngā taputapu ahuwhenua i mua i te neke whenua,
– te whakahaere i ngā pareparenga, ngā awaawa whakamakuku, me ngā taha o te māra kia kore ai e tupu ngā taru kino.
b. Te whakahaere ahurea hangarau
Whakaritea te whakatipu kia kaha ake ai ngā tipu ki te whakataetae ki ngā taru kino, hei tauira:
– te tawhiti me te taupori whakato tino pai,
– te whakatōtika taurite (kāore e tino paingia ngā tipu kaha, ngā taru rānei),
– te whakamahi i te mulch (rawiki, kirihou rānei),
– te hurihanga hua hei wāwāhi i te huringa o ētahi taru.
c. Mana ā-tinana/ā-pūkaha
Kei roto i ēnei tikanga te tango otaota ā-ringa, te keri, te parau, te whakatō pukepuke, te tapahi rānei. He painga ēnei, he pai ki te taiao, engari me mahi, ā, he nui hoki te utu. Ko tōna whai huatanga kei te wā tika: he pai ake te tango wawe i te tango i te otaota i te tango i te tarutaru i muri mai.
d. Te whakahaere matū (ngā patu taru)
Ka whai hua pea ngā patu taru, inā koa i runga i te tauine nui. Heoi, me tika te whakamahinga, me te wā tika, me te arotahi ki te haumaru. Ka wehea ngā patu taru ki:
– whiriwhiri (ka patu i ētahi taru me te kore e kino ngā tipu) me te kore whiriwhiri,
– i mua i te putanga mai me muri i te putanga mai,
– i runga i te momo mahi me te wāhi mahi (pā, pūnaha rānei).
Ko te wero matua o te whakahaere matū ko te ātete ki ngā taru whakamate, ina hoki ka puta te ātete o ngā taru nā te whakamahinga tonu o te matū hohe kotahi. Nō reira, he mea nui te whakawhiti i ngā matū hohe me te whakauru i ētahi atu tikanga.
e. Te whakahaere koiora
Te whakamahi i ngā hoariri tūturu o ngā taru (ngā pepeke, ngā harore mate, ētahi atu rauropi rānei) hei pehi i ngā taru. He tikanga whai hua tēnei, engari me rangahau me te tūpato kia kore ai e puta he pānga hou ki te taiao.
6. Te Whakahaere Taru Whakauru
Ko ngā huarahi hou e aro nui ana ki te whakahaere taru whakauru, e whakakotahi ana i ngā tikanga maha i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te whenua, ngā momo taru matua, te wā, me ngā pūkenga o te kaiahuwhenua. Ehara i te mea ko te whakakore katoa i ngā taru te whāinga (he mea kāore i te tino pono), engari ko te whakahaere i ngā taupori taru kia pumau, kia ōhanga, kia pai hoki te taiao.
Ngā tauira o ngā rautaki whakauru:
– te ārai + te whakatō + te tango wawe i ngā tarutaru,
– te hurihanga hua + ngā patu taru me ngā momo mahi rerekē + te horoi i te taha o te mara,
– te whakamahi i ngā hua hipoki hei pehi i ngā taru mā te atarangi me te whakataetae.
7. Whakamutunga
Ko ngā kaupapa matua o te pūtaiao taru ahuwhenua ko te mārama ki ngā whakamāramatanga taru, te whakarōpūtanga, te koiora, te rauropi, me ngā mātāpono whakahaere. He whakataetae nui ngā taru ki ngā hua ahuwhenua, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā hua mā te whakataetae, te allelopathy, me te mahi hei manaaki mō ngā pepeke me ngā mate. Ehara i te mea he urupare noa te whakahaere taru whai hua; me whai rautaki kua whakaritea pai: te ārai, te whakatipu tika, ngā tikanga miihini me te matū, me te huarahi whakauru. Mā te mārama ki ēnei kaupapa matua, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu, ngā kaimahi toronga, me ngā ākonga ahuwhenua te whakatau i ngā whakataunga whakahaere taru whai mōhio, whai hua, me te pumau.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga kia motuhake ake ki tētahi hua motuhake (raihi, kānga, pīni soya, huawhenua, māra rānei) me te tāpiri atu rānei i ētahi tauira o ngā taru kino me ngā taunakitanga whakahaere i runga i te pūnaha ahuwhenua o tō rohe.
