Te Whakahaere i ngā Pepeke i roto i ngā Tipu Raihi
He taonga kai nui te raihi i Initonīhia. Nā te nui o te hiahia mō te raihi, he mea nui te angitu o te whakatipu raihi, mō ngā kaimahi pāmu me te haumarutanga kai ā-motu. Heoi, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te whakaputa raihi i roto i te ahua o ngā whakaekenga a ngā pepeke, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā hua, tae atu ki te kore e pai te whakahaere. Nō reira, me whai whakahaere whai hua, whai hua, me te pumau hoki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke i roto i ngā tipu raihi, me te pupuri tonu i te taurite o te rauropi.
Te mārama ki te ariā o ngā pepeke me ō rātou pānga
Ko ngā pepeke he rauropi e kino ana ki ngā tipu kua whakatōkia . I roto i te raihi, ka taea e ngā pepeke te whakaeke i ngā wāhanga tipu rerekē, mai i te wāhanga tipu tipu tae noa ki te wāhanga whakaputa uri. Ko te pānga o ngā whakaekenga pepeke ehara i te mea ko te whakaiti i te tipu o ngā wana me te kino o te kakau me te rau anake, engari ko te korenga o te hanga i ngā panikeke, te witi kau, me te kounga o te witi kua heke. Ka piki ake ēnei mate mena ka kitea e ngā kaimahi pāmu ngā tohu i te wā roa rawa, ka whakatinanahia rānei ngā mahi whakahaere hē, pēnei i te whakamahinga nui o ngā patu pepeke, ka taea te whakaoho i te ātete me te pakarutanga o ngā pepeke.
Ngā momo pepeke matua i roto i ngā tipu raihi
Ko ētahi o ngā pepeke e kitea nuitia ana i roto i ngā māra raihi ko:
1. Te pepeke parauri (Nilaparvata lugens)
Ko ngā pepeke parauri tētahi o ngā pepeke tino morearea nā te mea ka ngote i te wai tipu, ā, ka taea te "wera i ngā pepeke," he pānga maroke e maroke ai ngā tipu me te mea kua tahuna. Hei tāpiri, ka mahi rātou hei kawe i ngā mate huaketo, pērā i te koretake o te tarutaru me te koretake o te whāriki. Ka piki ake ngā whakaekenga i ētahi wā, inā koa ka whakamahia ngā momo ngoikore, ā, ka nui rawa te whakamomona hauota.
2. He kawa raihi (Scirpophaga spp.)
Ka whakaekea e tēnei pepeke mā te keri i ngā kōhao ki roto i ngā kakau. I te wā e tipu ana, ka mōhiotia te tohu ko te "sundep" (ngā wana mate). I te wā e whānau ana, ka puta te tohu "beluk" (ngā panikeke mā, takoto kau). Ka taea e te kino i puta mai i ngā pepeke te whakaiti tika i te hua nā te mea ka takoto kau ngā panikeke.
3. Kiore māra (Rattus argentiventer)
He pepeke nui ngā kiore nā te mea ka kino ngā hua mā te tapahi i ngā kakau me te kai i ngā pata raihi. Ka taea te whakaeke mai i te moenga purapura tae noa ki mua tata o te kotinga. He maha ngā wā ka piki ake te taupori kiore i ngā wāhi kāore i te pai te akuaku me ngā wāhi huna maha, pērā i ngā pari kua nui rawa ngā tipu, ngā rakau rānei e karapoti ana i ngā mara raihi.
4. Mawhitiwhiti (Leptocorisa acuta)
Ka whakaeke ngā pepeke parauri i te wā e whakakī ana i te witi mā te mimiti i te wai o te witi. Ka hua ake he kōhao o te witi, he heke te kounga o te raihi, ā, he kakara motuhake. Ka piki ake ngā whakaeke i te wā e uru ana te hua ki te wā whakaputa uri, inā koa i ngā whakato kore-whakarite.
5. Ngata koura (Pomacea canaliculata)
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā ngata aporo koura e ngā pepeke i ngā wāhanga tōmua o te whakatō, inā koa i ngā pūnaha whakatō me te whakatō tika. Ka kai ngā ngata i ngā tipu taitamariki, ka ngaro te tipu, ka hiahiatia hoki te whakatō anō, ā, ka piki ake ngā utu whakaputa.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Whakahaere Pest Whakauru (IPM)
Ko te tikanga whakahaere pepeke e taunakitia ana i tēnei wā ko te Whakahaere Pepeke Whakauru (IPM). Ka aro nui te IPM ki te whakahaere rauropi mā te whakauru i ngā tikanga whakahaere taiao maha, me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā patu pepeke matū . Ko ngā mātāpono matua o te IPM ko:
– Te whakatipu i ngā tipu hauora mā te purapura kounga teitei, te whakamomona taurite, me te whakamakuku pai rawa atu.
– Te tiaki i ngā hoariri tūturu pērā i ngā kaipahua (ngā pūngāwerewere, ngā pepeke) me ngā pirinoa ka taea te pehi i ngā taupori pepeke.
– Te aroturukitanga auau hei kite wawe i ngā pepeke me te whakatau i ngā paepae whakahaere.
– Ko ngā kaipāmu hei tohunga IPM, arā, te āhei ki te tātari i ngā āhuatanga o te whenua me te whakatau tika.
Ngā rautaki whakahaere pepeke i roto i te raihi
1. Te whakahaere mā te ahurea hangarau
Ko tēnei taahiraa te ārai matua e ngāwari ana te whakatinana, tae atu ki:
– Whakatōkia i te wā kotahi ki te wāhi kotahi hei wāwāhi i te huringa ora o ngā pepeke pēnei i ngā pepeke parauri me ngā pepeke parauri.
– Te whakatipu oneone pai hei whakangaro i ngā wāhanga hua manu, torongū rānei o ētahi pepeke, me te whakaiti hoki i ngā nohoanga kiore.
– Te whakamomona taurite, me te karo i te nui o te hauota e "pai ake ai" ngā pepeke parauri me ngā pepeke whakararo i ngā tipu.
– Te horoi i te whenua, te horoi i ngā taru me ngā toenga tipu hei piringa mō ngā pepeke me ngā kainoho kē atu.
2. Mana ā-tinana me te mana ā-mīhini
Ka whakahaerehia tēnei tikanga mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu, i te mahi tika rānei, hei tauira:
– Te patu nui i ngā kiore me te whakatakoto mahanga.
– Te whakamahi i ngā mahanga mārama hei kukume i ngā pūrerehua pirau kakau.
– Te kohi hua ngata aporo koura, he māwhero te tae i te nuinga o te wā, mai i ngā kakau raihi, i ngā pari rānei.
– Te whakatakoto kupenga, ārai rānei ki ngā kokorutanga wai hei ārai i ngā ngata koura kei uru ki ngā māra.
3. Te whakahaere koiora
Mā te whakahaere koiora ka whakamahia ētahi atu rauropi hei hoariri tūturu mō ngā pepeke. Hei tauira:
– Te whakamahinga o ngā parasitoid Trichogramma hei whakahaere i ngā hua o te kūtai.
– Te tiaki i ngā kaipahua taiao pērā i ngā pūngāwerewere me ngā pītau e kai ana i ngā pepeke tipu mā te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke whānui-ahurea.
– Te whakamahinga o ngā matū koiora pērā i te harore entomopathogenic (hei tauira, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae rānei) ka taea te pangia ngā pepeke kino.
4. Te whakahaere matū mohio
Ka taea tonu te whakamahi i ngā patupatu matū, engari hei huarahi whakamutunga, me whai i ngā ture IPM:
– I runga i te paepae ōhanga, arā, te taumata o te whakaeke, e ai ki ngā tātaitanga, ka nui ake te mate i te utu o te whakahaere.
– Te whiriwhiri i te patu pepeke tika, e ai ki te momo pepeke me tōna wāhanga ora.
– He tika te horopeta me te wā e pania ai, ā, kaua e rehuhia kia maha ngā wā me te kore e aroturukitia, nā te mea ka taea e ia te patu i ngā hoariri tūturu.
– Te hurihanga o ngā matū hohe hei ārai i te ātete ki ngā pepeke, inā koa ki ngā pepeke parauri.
Te aroturuki me te whakatau kaupapa
Ko te huarahi angitu ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke raihi ko te aroturuki i te mara i ia wā. Me tirotiro ngā kaimahi pāmu, ngā kaimahi mara rānei i ngā hua i ia wā i ia wā i ia wā, i ia wā i ia wā, i ia wā i ia wā, i ia wā i ia wā, i ia wā, i ia wā, i ia wā, i ia wā, i ia wā, i ia wā, i ia wā, me ...
Te Katinga
Kāore e taea te whakahaere i ngā pepeke i roto i ngā hua raihi mā te rehu noa i ngā patu pepeke. Ko tētahi huarahi whai hua ake, pumau ake hoki ko te Whakahaere Pepeke Whakauru, e whakakotahi ana i ngā tikanga whakatipu hauora , te whakahaere ā-ringa me te whakahaere koiora, me te whakamahinga tika o ngā patu pepeke ina hiahiatia. Mā te whakatinana i te rautaki tika, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakaiti i te ngaronga o ngā pepeke, te pupuri i te hua raihi, me te tiaki i te taiao me te hauora o te tangata. Hei whakamutunga, he nui te takoha a te whakahaere pepeke whai hua ki te whakaputa raihi pumau me te haumarutanga kai i Indonesia.
