He Kupu Whakataki ki te Mate Pūtaiao o ngā Tipu
Ko te Pūtaiao Tipu he peka pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā take, ngā tukanga, me te whakahaere i ngā mate tipu. He mea nui tēnei mara ako nā te mea ka taea e ngā mate tipu te whakaiti i ngā hua o te hua, te whakaiti i te kounga o ngā hua ahuwhenua, me te whakararu i ngā mate ōhanga nui mō ngā kaimahi pāmu me te umanga kai. I waenganui i ngā wero o te huringa āhuarangi, te whakanui ake i te ahuwhenua, me te piki haere o te hokohoko o te ao, ka horapa, ka whanake ngāwari ake hoki ngā mate tipu , ā, ka nui haere te hiranga o te māramatanga taketake mō te pūtaiao tipu.
Whakamāramatanga me te Whānuitanga
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te mate tipu he raruraru i roto i te mahi ā-tinana o te tipu e puta ai te tipu rerekē, e whakaiti ana i te kaha o te tipu ki te ora, ki te tupu, ki te whakaputa hua rānei. Ka taea tēnei raruraru te puta mai i ngā rauropi e puta ai te mate (ngā pathogens) me ngā āhuatanga taiao kino rānei. I roto i te pathology tipu, ko ngā kōrero mō te tautuhi mate (te tātaritanga), te mōhio ki ngā pathogens, ngā tikanga mate, ngā urupare a te tipu, te epidemiology (te horapa o te mate), me ngā rautaki whakahaere whai hua me te pai ki te taiao.
Ko te whānuitanga o te mate tipu e kapi ana i ngā momo taonga, pērā i ngā hua kai (raihi, kānga, pīni soya), te māra (tīri, tōmato, riki), ngā māra (kawhe, koko, nikau), me ngā tipu whakapaipai me ngā tipu ngahere. He rerekē te kaha o ia rōpū tipu ki te pāngia e te mate nā te rerekētanga o te taiao whakatipu, ngā tikanga whakatipu , me te noho mai o ngā pepeke.
Ngā Take o ngā Mate Tipu: Ngā Mate Ora me ngā Mate Āhuaora
E rua ngā take o ngā mate tipu, arā, ko ngā āhuatanga koiora (ngā mea ora) me ngā āhuatanga kore koiora (te taiao, te mea ora rānei).
1. Ngā Take Koiora (Ngā Mate Pāwera)
Ko ngā mate urutā he rauropi ka taea te whakararu i ngā tipu. Ko ngā rōpū matua o ngā mate urutā ko:
– Harore: Ko tētahi o ngā tino take o te mate. Ka taea e ngā harore te whakaeke i ngā pakiaka, ngā kakau, ngā rau, ngā putiputi, me ngā hua. Ko ngā tauira o ngā mate harore ko te ngenge rau, te pirau pakiaka, te koriri paura, me te waikura rau.
– Huakita: Ka puta ngā tohu pēnei i ngā ira rau kua rumakina ki te wai, te pirau ngohengohe, me te memenge o te huakita i ngā huakita. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia te horapa o ngā huakita e te wai, ngā patunga o ngā tipu, me ngā taputapu ahuwhenua kua poke.
– Ngā Huaketo: Kāore e taea e ngā huaketo te ora ko rātou anake, ā, me whakaputa uri ngā pūtau tipu. Ko ngā tohu noa o ngā mate huaketo ko ngā tauira mosaic (he rārangi), ngā rau piko, te puhoi o te tipu, me te iti o te hua.
– Ngā nematode: Ngā noke moroiti e noho ana i roto i te oneone, e whakaeke ana i ngā pakiaka. Ka taea e ngā nematode te whakararu i te tipu o ngā pakiaka, te whakaroa i te tipu, me te whakanui ake i te ngoikore o te tipu ki ētahi atu mate.
– Ngā phytoplasma me ētahi atu rauropi rite ki te harore: Ka puta ngā tohu pēnei i te chlorosis, te pororaru o te tipu, me ngā āhua rerekē o te putiputi, o te puku rānei (hei tauira, te devil's broom).
2. Ngā Take Āhua-kore
Kāore ngā mea ora e hua mai i ngā āhuatanga abiotic, engari ka taea e rātou te whakaputa tohumate rite ki te mate. Ko ētahi tauira ko:
– Te korenga, te nui rawa rānei o ngā matūkai (hei tauira, te korenga o te hauota, te paitini boron rānei).
– Te parahanga taiao me te paihana patu pepeke.
– Te tino pāmahana, te tauraki, ngā waipuke me te nui o te tote.
– Ngā kino ā-pūkaha nā ngā hau kaha, te whatu, ngā hapa whakatipu rānei.
He mea nui te wehewehe i waenga i ngā mate koiora me ngā mate kore koiora hei taahiraa tautuhi i te mate nā te mea he rerekē rawa ngā tikanga maimoatanga.
Ngā Tohu me ngā Tohu o ngā Mate Tipu
I roto i te mate pāwera tipu, e rua ngā kupu nui: ngā tohu me ngā tohu. Ko ngā tohu he huringa i roto i te tipu i puta mai i te mate urutā, i te mate rānei, ko ngā tohu ia ko te kitea o te mate pāwera, pērā i te mycelium harore, ngā pua, te paru huakita rānei.
Ko ētahi o ngā tohu noa o ngā mate tipu ko:
– Ngā ira rau: Te āhua o ngā wāhanga parauri, mangu, kōwhai rānei o ngā rau.
– Korowaihā: Ka huri te kōwhai o ngā rau nā te mea ka pakaru te hanganga o te korowaihā.
– Necrosis: Te matenga o ngā kiko e tohuhia ana e te tae pouri, maroke rānei.
– Te memeha: Ka ngaro te turgor o ngā tipu, ā, ka āhua ngoikore, he maha ngā wā nā ngā mate o ngā uaua.
– Pirau: Ka ngawari, ka pirau te kiko, inā koa ko ngā hua me ngā kakau.
– Pūngāwerewere: Kua āraihia te tipu o te tipu, ā, he iti iho i te rahi noa.
Ko te mōhio ki ngā tohu me ngā kawa te pūtake mō te tautuhi i tētahi mate, engari he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he whakamātautau taiwhanga atu anō mō te tautuhi tika.
Tukanga Mate: Te Tapatoru Mate
Ko tētahi ariā nui i roto i te mate tipu ko te tapatoru mate, e kī ana ka puta te mate ina tūtaki ngā āhuatanga e toru:
1. Kaihautū ngoikore,
2. Ngā mate urutā kino,
3. Taiao tautoko.
Ki te ngaro tētahi o ēnei āhuatanga, kāore te mate e tino whanake haere. Hei tauira, tera pea he mate urutā kei roto, engari ki te mea he ātete ira te tipu, he kino rānei te taiao (he maroke rawa mō tētahi harore), e kore te mate e pakaru. Ka āwhina tēnei ariā ki te hoahoa i ngā rautaki whakahaere mā te whakaiti i tētahi taha o te tapatoru, hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā momo ātete, mā te whakarerekē rānei i ngā tikanga whakatipu kia kore ai e pai te taiao mō te mate urutā.
Te Mate Urutā me te Tohatoha o ngā Mate
Ka rangahau te mate urutā tipu i te horapa, te whanaketanga, me te pānga o ngā mate ki ngā taupori tipu i roto i tētahi rohe. Ka horapa ngā mate i roto i ngā momo huarahi:
– Ngā kākano me ngā rauemi whakato: Ka taea te kawe i ngā mate urutā i roto i ngā kākano, i ngā tipu rānei.
– Hau: Ka horapa ngāwari ngā pua harore ki tawhiti.
– Wai: Ka taea e ngā pītiti ua, te whakamakuku, me te rerenga wai te kawe i ngā mate urutā.
– Ngā kaikawe pepeke: He maha ngā wā ka tukuna ngā huaketo me ngā phytoplasm e ngā aphids, ngā pepeke rau, me ētahi atu pepeke.
– Ngā taputapu ahuwhenua me ngā mahi a te tangata: Ka taea e te nekehanga o te oneone kua pangia, o ngā para tipu rānei te hora i ngā mate urutā ki waenga i ngā mara.
Ko te mārama ki ēnei tauira tohatoha te pūtake o ngā mahi ārai pērā i te horoi whenua, te wehe i ngā tipu mai i te rāhui, me te whakamahinga o ngā purapura hauora.
Ngā Rautaki Whakahaere Mate Tipu
Me whakahaere ngātahi te whakahaere i ngā mate tipu, me te whai whakaaro ki te whai huatanga, te utu, me te pānga ki te taiao. Ko te huarahi e taunakihia ana ko te Whakahaere Pest Whakauru (IPM), e whakauru ana hoki i ngā mate tipu. Ko ētahi rautaki matua ko:
1. Te whakahaere hangarau ahurea: Te hurihanga hua, te mokowā tipu, te tapahi, te horoi i ngā toenga tipu mate, me te whakahaere wai me te tongi.
2. Te whakamahi i ngā momo ātete: Ko te tikanga tino whai hua, ā, he pai hoki mō te taiao, ahakoa ka taea te whakakore i te ātete mēnā ka whanake te mate.
3. Whakahaere koiora: Te whakamahi i ngā moroiti hoariri pērā i a Trichoderma, Bacillus rānei hei pehi i ngā pathogens.
4. Te whakahaere matū: Ka whakamahia ngā patu harore, ngā patu kitakita, me ngā patu nemati, me te whakaaro nui, kia rite ki te horopeta me te wā e whakamahia ana, hei ārai i te ātete me ngā pānga kino.
5. Te karantini me te ture: Te aukati i te urunga mai o ngā mate kino ki ngā wāhi hou mā te tirotiro me te aukati i te nekehanga o ngā tipu.
Ko te mātāpono matua, he pai ake te ārai i te rongoā, nā te mea he uaua te whakahaere i ngā mate tipu ina horapa whānuitia.
Te Katinga
Ko te mate pāwera tipu he mara e whakakotahi ana i te mātauranga o te koiora, te rauropi, te moroiti, me ngā tikanga whakatipu hei pupuri i te hauora o ngā tipu . Mā te mārama ki ngā take, ngā tohu me ngā tohu o te mate, ngā tukanga pangia, me ngā āhuatanga taiao e awe ana i te whanaketanga o ngā pathogen, ka taea e tātou te hanga rautaki whakahaere whai hua me te pumau. I te heke mai, ka haere tonu ngā wero mate tipu me te huringa āhuarangi me ngā whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua hou. Nō reira, ko te whakapakari i te mātauranga, te rangahau, me te whakamahinga o te hangarau tika i roto i te mate pāwera tipu he mea nui ki te tautoko i te haumarutanga kai me te ahuwhenua pumau.
