Ngā Tikanga Tātari Mate Tipu
Ko te tātaritanga mate tipu ko te tukanga o te tautuhi, te whakaū, me te whakamārama i te pūtake o te mate tipu—ahakoa nā ngā pathogens (harore, huakita, huaketo), ngā pepeke, ngā taru, ngā āhuatanga kore-koiora rānei pērā i te korenga o ngā matūkai, te paitini, te pH oneone kāore i te tika, te tauraki, te kino rānei o ngā patupatu. He mea nui ngā tikanga tātaritanga tika nā te mea ka whakawhirinaki nui ngā whakataunga whakahaere ki te tautuhi i te pūtake. Mā te tātaritanga hē ka arahi pea ki ngā mahi whakahaere koretake, te pikinga o ngā utu, me te pikinga o te kino o ngā hua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga mahi me ngā tikanga pūnaha mō te tātaritanga tika i ngā mate tipu.
1. Kia mārama ki te ariā taketake: ngā tohu me ngā tohu
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te tautuhi mate ko te wehewehe i waenga i ngā tohu me ngā tohu.
– Ko ngā tohu he panoni i roto i ngā tipu e kitea ana hei whakautu i ngā raruraru, hei tauira, te kōwhai o ngā rau, te ira, te memenge, te pirau, te whakapōturi, te whakapōturi rānei i te tipu.
– Ko ngā tohu he tohu tika mō te noho mai o te rauropi take, hei tauira, ko te mycelium harore, ko ngā pua, ko te paru huakita, ko ngā tinana hua, ko ngā koroni harore rānei i runga i te mata o te rau.
I ngā wā maha, ka rite ngā tohu i runga i te take. Hei tauira, ko te kōwhai o ngā rau ka puta mai i te korenga o te hauota, te kino o te pakiaka, te mate huaketo, te ngoikore rānei o te wai. Nō reira, he mea nui te tautuhi i ngā tohu o ngā mate urutā me te whakaū i aua tohu mā te whakamātautau.
2. Ngā tirohanga ā-papa pūnaha
Ka tīmata ngā tikanga tātaritanga mara mā te "pānui" i ngā tauira whakaeke. He maha ngā mea e kitea ana:
1. Tauira tohatoha i runga i te whenua
– Te horapa ōrite: he maha ngā wā e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga kore-koiora (te tongi nui rawa, te pH kāore i te tika, te tauraki) ngā purapura/momo raruraru rānei.
– He wāhi koretake: he maha ngā wā e pā ana ki ngā mate urutā e noho ana i te oneone, ngā nematode, ngā raruraru waikeri rānei o te rohe.
– Te whai i te ahunga o te hau, o te pītiti wai rānei: he mea noa i roto i ngā harore/kitakita e rere ana i te rangi me te pītiti ua/whakamakuku.
2. Te wāhanga o te tipu e whakaekea ana
– Ngā rau taitamariki me ngā rau tawhito: ko ētahi ngoikoretanga matūkai he mea motuhake, hei tauira, he kitea ake te hauota i ngā rau tawhito, ko te rino ia i ngā rau taitamariki.
– Ngā pakiaka, te pūtake o te kākano, ngā wana rānei: ko te pirau me te memenge o te pakiaka ka tīmata i te pakiaka/turanga.
3. Te wāhanga tipu me te wā o te tupu
Ka puta ētahi mate i ngā wāhanga motuhake. Hei tauira, ka puta te mate i te wā o te tipu, ko ngā mate hua ia ka puta i te wā o te pua me te hanganga hua.
4. Hītori o te whakatipu
Tuhia te momo, te pūtake purapura, te whakawairakau, te wā whakamakuku, te whakamahinga patupatu, te hurihanga hua, me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Mā ēnei mōhiohio ka āwhina i te whakawhāiti i te whakaaro noa.
3. Te tautuhi i runga i te momo tohu matua
Ko ētahi tohu matua me ngā take pea:
– Ngā ira rau: he maha ngā wā ka puta mai i te harore (hei tauira, Cercospora, Alternaria) me te huakita rānei. Mātakitakina te āhua o ngā ira, ngā taha (koi, marara rānei), me te aroaro o te āputa kōwhai.
– Te memenge: ka puta mai i te tauraki, te kino o te pakiaka, ngā mate pūmua toto (Fusarium, Verticillium), ngā huakita rānei (Ralstonia). Ko te memenge e ora ake ana i te ahiahi/ahiahi he mea e pā ana ki te wai, ko te memenge tuturu ia he mea e pā ana ki ngā mate pūmua.
– Pirau: ka taea te pirau mākū (huakita) te pirau maroke rānei (harore). He maha ngā wā ka tohu te haunga kino me te kiko paru i te huakita.
– He mosaic, he kōpikopiko, he miro rau: he maha ngā wā e pā ana ki ngā huaketo/phytoplasmosis, engari ka taea te whakatauira i te paihana patu taru. Tirohia hoki ngā tauira i runga i ngā tipu maha, te aroaro o ngā kawe (ngā aphids, ngā namu mā), me te hītori o te rehu.
– Te whakaroa me te tipu rerekē: ka puta pea i ngā huaketo, i ngā nematode, i te korenga rānei o ngā matūkai.
He "tātaritanga tuatahi" tēnei tikanga, nā te mea he maha ngā tohu e taupatupatu ana. Nō reira, me whakaū anō.
4. Tirotiro mara māmā
He maha ngā whakamātautau tere ka taea te mahi me te kore he taiwhanga:
1. Tirohia ngā pakiaka me te pūtake o te kākano
Tangohia marietia te tipu. Ko te pakiaka parauri pouri, pirau, haunga rānei he tohu pirau pakiaka. Ko te pakiaka pupuhi, pupuhi rānei, he tohu pea i te pirau pakiaka.
2. Whakamātautau "rerenga" huakita
Tapahia he kakau e whakapaetia ana kua pangia e te pirau huakita, ka tōia te pito kua tapahia ki roto i te wai mārama. Mēnā ka puta mai he "awa" angiangi, he rite ki te paoa, he tohu kaha tēnei kua pangia e te huakita.
3. Rapua ngā tohu o te harore
Mātakihia te mata o ngā rau, o ngā kakau rānei i te ata haukū: he tohu pea ēnei mō te kitenga o te mirelium he rite ki te miro, te paura harore, ngā pua tae rānei.
4. Te tapahi whatunga
Tapahia te kākano/pūpū/hua hei tirotiro mēnā kua rerekē te tae o ngā uaua, ngā ira parauri i roto i te kiko o roto, te taha pirau rānei.
5. Te tauira tika
Ka hua ake he tātaritanga hē mēnā he tauira kino. Ngā mātāpono tauira:
– Tangohia ngā wāhanga o te tipu e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu tōmua (kaua ērā kua pirau rawa), nā te mea ka taea tonu te tautuhi i ngā mate pāwera e kaha ana.
– Whakaurua ngā wāhanga whakawhiti i waenga i te kiko hauora me te kiko mate.
– Tangohia ētahi tauira mai i ngā pūwāhi rerekē hei whakaatu i te āhua o te whenua.
– Penapenahia ki roto i tētahi ipu ma, me te tapanga (wāhi, rā, momo, tau o te tipu, tohu), ā, karohia te wera nui hei ārai i te kino o te tauira.
– Hei whakapae kei te puta he huaketo, tīpakohia he rau taitamariki e whakaatu ana i te tauira mosaic tino mārama.
6. Tātaritanga taiwhanga: mai i te tirotiro karuārai ki te whakamātautau ngota
Mena e hiahiatia ana he tino pono, mahia ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga:
1. Te wehewehe me te whakatipu i ngā mate urutā
Mō ngā harore me ngā huakita, ka whakatōkia ngā tauira ki runga i tētahi pāpāho motuhake. Mā te āhua o te koroni, te tae, me te hanganga moroiti ka āwhina i te tautuhi. He mea noa tēnei i roto i ngā taiwhanga tiaki hua.
2. Whakamātautau tika mā te tirotiro i te karuiti
Mā te tirotiro i ngā pua harore, ngā konidia, ētahi atu hanganga rānei mai i ngā kiko mate ka tere ake te tautuhi.
3. Ngā whakamātautau serological (hei tauira, ELISA)
E whakamahia whānuitia ana hei kimi i ētahi huaketo me te taumata tino tika.
4. Whakamātautau ngota (PCR/RT-PCR)
Whakamahia hei kimi tika i ngā mate urutā, inā koa ngā huaketo, ngā phytoplasmas, me ētahi harore/kitakita e uaua ana ki te wehewehe mā te tirohanga.
5. Te whakamātautau oneone me te tātari matūkai
Kaua e warewarehia ngā āhuatanga kore-koiora. Mā te tātari i te pH, te EC (tote), te ihirangi NPK, ngā matūkai iti, me ngā toenga ka taea te whakamārama i ngā tohu "rite ki te mate".
7. Te whakatau kaupapa: te tapatoru mate me ngā āhuatanga taiao
Ko te tātaritanga pai e whai whakaaro ana ki te tapatoru o te mate: he manaaki ngoikore, he mate huaketo, me te taiao pai. Hei tauira, ka tupu pai ētahi harore i te haumākū nui me te kore e pai te rere o te hau. Nō reira, ki te puta ngā tohu i muri i te ua roa me te māra kua nui te tipu, he nui ake te tūponotanga he mate harore. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā tohu e puta ana i muri i te whakatōtō nui, i te rehu patu taru rānei, tera pea e tohu ana i te paitini, i te ahotea tinana rānei.
8. Ngā hapa noa i te tātaritanga o ngā mate tipu
Ko ētahi hapa noa:
– Te whakaaro ki ngā tohumate katoa he mate hopuhopu, ahakoa tērā pea nā te korenga o ngā matūkai, nā te paitini rānei o ngā patupatu.
– Ko ngā rau anake te mea e tirohia ana, engari kāore e tirohia ngā pakiaka me te āhua o te oneone.
– Ko te tango i ngā tauira kua tino pakaru rawa kia kaha ai ngā mate urutā tuarua, kia huna ai hoki te pūtake matua.
– Kāore e aro ki te hītori o te whenua, te hurihanga, me te pūtake o te purapura.
– Te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi tohu anake, kāore he manatoko.
9. Ngā taunakitanga mahi pai rawa atu
Hei whakapai ake i te tika o te tātaritanga, me mahi i ngā mahi e whai ake nei:
– Puritia ngā tuhinga mō te māra: te rā whakatō, te whakawairakau, te huarere, me ngā whakaekenga o mua.
– Ngā tirotiro o ia rā: he māmā ake te tautuhi i te tīmatanga o ngā tohu.
– Whakamahia he huarahi taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa: mātakitaki i te mara → ngā whakamātautau māmā → whakaū taiwhanga mēnā e tika ana.
– Kōrero ki tētahi kaimahi toronga ā-rohe, ki tētahi taiwhanga rānei mēnā he rerekē ngā tohu, he nui rānei ngā mate ka pā mai.
– Whai muri i te tātaritanga, whiriwhiria he rautaki whakahaere whakauru (IPM): te akuaku, ngā momo ātete, te mokowā tipu, te whakahaere wai, me te whakamahinga tika o ngā patupatu.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te mea he whakaaro noa iho ngā tikanga tātaritanga mate tipu i runga i ngā tohu "rite", engari he tukanga pūnaha e whakakotahi ana i ngā tirohanga mara, te tirotiro i ngā tohu o te mate, te tauira tika, me te whakaū mā te whakamātautau taiwhanga, ina tika. Mā te tātaritanga tika, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu me ngā kaimahi te whakatau i ngā mahi whakahaere kua whakaritea, te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga hua, me te pupuri i te pumau o te pūnaha ahuwhenua. Hei whakamutunga, ko te tātaritanga tika te tūāpapa o te whakahaere hauora tipu whai hua me te kawenga.
