Koiora me te Rauropi o ngā Pepeke Tipu
He mea nui ngā pepeke tipu hei whakawhāiti i te mahi ahuwhenua. Ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i ngā hua, te whakararu i te kounga o ngā hua, me te whakapiki i ngā utu whakahaere. Heoi, hei whakahaere pai i ngā pepeke, ehara i te mea ko te mārama ki te "patu" i ngā pepeke anake . Ko tētahi huarahi tika ake ko te mārama ki te koiora me te rauropi o ngā pepeke : me pēhea te oranga o ngā pepeke, te whakaputa uri, te urutau, te horapa, me te taunekeneke ki ngā tipu manaaki, ki ngā hoariri tūturu, me te taiao. Mā tēnei māramatanga, ka taea te hanga rautaki whakahaere kia pai ake, kia pai ake te taiao, kia pumau hoki.
Te mārama ki ngā pepeke tipu me ō rātou momo
Ko ngā pepeke tipu he rauropi e kino ana ki ngā tipu whakatipu, ā, ka hua ake he mate ōhanga. Ko te kupu "pest" e pā ana ki ngā pepeke, engari ka uru whānuitia ki roto ko ngā mite, ngā nematode, ngā mollusks (ngā ngata), ngā manu, me ētahi kararehe whakangote. I roto i te horopaki o te ahuwhenua hou, ko ngā rōpū tino kaha ko ngā pepeke (hei tauira, ngā pepeke rau, ngā noke ope taua, ngā kaihoroi kakau), tae atu ki ngā mite me ngā nematode, he uaua ki te tirotiro engari he nui te pānga.
I runga i te āhua o tā rātou tukino i ngā tipu, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā pepeke kia maha ngā momo: ngā pepeke ngaungau (hei tauira, ngā anuhe e kai rau ana), ngā pepeke ngote (hei tauira, ngā aphids e ngote ana i ngā wai tipu), ngā pepeke whakararu (e kino ana i ngā kiko o roto o ngā kakau, o ngā hua rānei), me ngā pepeke e kino ana i ngā pakiaka, i ngā wāhanga rānei o raro i te whenua (hei tauira, ngā nematode pūmau pakiaka). He mea nui tēnei wehewehenga nā te mea e pā tika ana ki ngā tohu o te whakaekenga, te wā o te whakaekenga, me ngā tikanga whakahaere tika.
Koiora pepeke: ngā huringa ora me ngā rautaki oranga
Ko te koiora o ngā pepeke tipu e kapi ana i tō rātou huringa ora, te whakaputa uri, te whanonga kai, me te urutau. Ko te nuinga o ngā pepeke ka huri hei pepeke. I roto i te hurihanga katoa (holometabolous), ko ngā wāhanga ora ko te hua manu, te torongū, te pupa, me te pakeke, pērā i ngā anuhe me ētahi momo namu. I roto i te hurihanga kore oti (hemimetabolous), ko ngā wāhanga ora ko te hua manu, te nymph, me te pakeke, pērā i ngā pekepeke me ngā mawhitiwhiti. He rerekē ngā tikanga kai, ngā nohoanga, me te ngawari ki te whakahaere i ia wāhanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā torongū te wāhanga tino kino nā te nui o ngā matūkai e hiahiatia ana mō te tipu.
Ko te whakaputa uri o ngā pepeke te mea e whakatau ana i te tere o te pahūtanga o te taupori. He nui ngā pepeke he tere whakaputa uri, he poto te roa o te oranga whakaputa uri, ā, he kaha ki te whakaputa hua nui. Ka taea e ngā aphids te whakaputa uri i raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea ai e ō rātou taupori te piki tere me te kore e hiahiatia he moe tāne. I tētahi atu taha, ko ētahi pepeke he diapause, he āhua "moe" i ētahi wā hei oranga mō ngā āhuatanga taiao kino, pērā i te tauraki, i te pāmahana tino kino rānei. Ka taea e te diapause te puta anō o ngā pepeke ina pai ake ngā āhuatanga, ā, he maha ngā wā koinei te take o ngā whakaekenga maha i ia tau, i ia tau.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he nui ngā wero mō te urutau me te whanaketanga o ngā pepeke. Ka taea e te whakamahinga kore whakaaro nui te akiaki i te kōwhiringa o ngā pepeke ātete, ka arahi ki te whanaketanga o te ātete i roto i ngā taupori pepeke i roto i te wā. Ka puta hoki te urutau mā roto i ngā huringa whanonga, pērā i te kaha ake o ngā pepeke i ētahi wā hei karo i te pānga mai, te neke rānei ki ngā wāhi tipu e tiakina ana.
Te rauropi pepeke: ngā taunekeneke ki te taiao me ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua
Ka ako te rauropi i te whanaungatanga o ngā pepeke ki te taiao koiora (ētahi atu mea ora) me te taiao kore koiora (te pāmahana, te haumākū, te mārama, te hau, me ētahi atu). Kāore ngā taupori pepeke e noho motuhake ana; ka hangaia rātou e te wātea o te kai (ngā tipu manaaki), te pēhanga mai i ngā hoariri tūturu, me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi me te whakahaere hua.
He mahi nui tā ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi. Ka pā te pāmahana ki te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā pepeke: i ngā pāmahana tino pai, ka tere ake te pao o ngā hua, ka tere ake te tipu o ngā torongū, ā, ka piki ake ngā whakatupuranga i roto i te wā tipu kotahi . Ka pā te haumākū ki te oranga o ngā hua, ki te whanaketanga o ngā pathogens pepeke (pērā i te harore entomopathogenic), me te mahi a ētahi pepeke. Ka taea e te ua nui te whakaiti i te taupori o ētahi pepeke iti mā te tango i ngā takitahi mai i ngā tipu, engari ka taea hoki e ia te hanga i ngā āhuatanga e akiaki ana i te putanga mai o ngā mate tipu ka ngoikore ai ngā tipu, ka ngawari ake ai hoki ki ngā whakaekenga pepeke tuarua.
He mea nui anō hoki te hanganga o te pūnaha ahuwhenua. Ko ngā mahi ahuwhenua kotahi me te hua kotahi me te momo kotahi ka whakarato i ngā puna kai maha me te ōrite mō ngā pepeke, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te pahūtanga o te taupori. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā tauira whakatipu kanorau, te whakatipu ā-iwi, te noho rānei o ngā piringa ka taea te whakanui ake i te noho o ngā hoariri tūturu me te whakaiti i te mana o ētahi pepeke. He maha ngā wā he taurite ake te pumau o ngā taiao kanorau koiora nā te mea he uaua ake ngā whatunga kai.
Te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā pepeke, ngā tipu manaaki me ngā hoariri tūturu
I roto i te rauropi pepeke, ehara ngā tipu manaaki i te "pānga noho puku noa iho." He tikanga tiaki ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki ā ngā tipu. Ko ngā parenga ā-tinana ka uru atu ki ngā kiri matotoru, ki ngā huruhuru rau (trichomes), ki ngā kiko uaua rānei e uaua ai te ngau a ngā pepeke. Kei roto i ngā parenga matū ngā matū tuarua he paitini, he whakararuraru rānei i te nakunaku o te pepeke. Ka taea hoki e ētahi tipu te tuku i ngā matū pūngāwerewere e "karanga" ana i ngā hoariri tūturu ina whakaekea, hei tauira, te kukume i ngā parasitoid e whakatakoto hua ana i roto i ngā tinana o ngā torongū pepeke.
Ko ngā hoariri tūturu ko ngā kaipahua (hei tauira, ngā pepeke me ngā pūngāwerewere), ngā pirinoa (ngā wāpu iti e noho ana ō rātou torongū ki runga i ngā tinana o ngā pepeke), me ngā pathogens (ngā harore, ngā huakita, me ngā huaketo e pangia ai ngā pepeke). Ko te noho mai o ngā hoariri tūturu te mea nui ki te whakahaere tūturu. Heoi anō, mā te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke whānui ka taea te whakaiti tere i ngā taupori hoariri tūturu i ngā taupori pepeke, ka taea te whakaoho i te hokinga mai o ngā pepeke (te hokinga mai i muri i te rehu) te putanga mai rānei o ngā pepeke tuarua kāore i te kaha i mua.
Ngā whanaketanga taupori me te ariā o te paepae ōhanga
Ka pāngia ngā taupori pepeke e ngā whānautanga, ngā matenga, te hekenga mai, me te wātea o ngā rauemi. I roto i te mahi ahuwhenua, nā te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga kua ara ake te ariā o tētahi paepae ōhanga: te taumata o te taupori pepeke, te kaha rānei o te kino, ki te kore e tirotirohia, ka nui ake ngā mate i te utu o te whakahaere. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, kāore e hiahiatia kia whakakorea tonutia ngā pepeke katoa. He maha ngā wā ka whai hua ake te whakahaere i te wā tika i runga i ngā mātakitakitanga o te mara i te rehu auau, kāore i te tika.
He mea nui te aroturuki. Mā te tirotiro i ngā hua manu, ngā nimfa, ngā torongū rānei i runga i ngā wāhanga tipu motuhake, te whakatakoto i ngā mahanga pheromone, ngā mahanga kōwhai rānei, me te tuhi i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi ka āwhina i te matapae i ngā pikinga o te taupori. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakahaere i ngā mahi i ngā wāhanga ora tino whakaraerae, i ngā wā tino rautaki rānei.
Ngā pānga ki te whakahaere: ki te whakahaere pumau
Ko te mārama ki te koiora me te rauropi o ngā pepeke te tūāpapa o te Whakahaere Pest Whakauru (IPM). E aro nui ana te IPM ki te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga whakahaere tautoko tahi: ngā tikanga ahurea (te horoi i te paru, te hurihanga hua, te wā whakato, ngā momo ātete), te whakahaere ā-ringa (te kohi ā-ringa, te hopu), te whakahaere koiora (te tiaki i ngā hoariri tūturu, ngā patu pepeke koiora), me te whakamahinga whiriwhiri me te whakaaro nui o ngā patu pepeke matū ina hiahiatia.
Hei tauira, mēnā he tino kino te pepeke i te wā o te torongū, ka aro pea ngā rautaki ki te whakaiti i te angitu o te pao hua, ki te whakararuraru rānei i te nohoanga o ngā torongū. Mēnā ka mutu te pepeke i roto i ngā toenga hua, i te oneone rānei, ka taea e te horoi i te mara me te parau te whakaiti i te taupori pūtake. Mēnā he whai hua ngā hoariri tūturu, ka taea e te whakato piringa me te karo i ngā patu pepeke whānui te whakapakari i te mana taiao.
Te Katinga
Ko te koiora me te rauropi o ngā pepeke hua he mea nui ki te mārama he aha i puta ai ngā whakaekenga pepeke, te wā e piki ake ai ō rātou taupori, me ngā mea e uaua ai te whakahaere i a rātou. Mā te titiro ki ngā pepeke hei wāhanga o te pūnaha rauropi ahuwhenua, ka taea e ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua me ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki atamai ake: te whakamahi i ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā pepeke i ngā wāhanga ora motuhake, te whakapakari i te tūranga o ngā hoariri tūturu, te whakahaere i te taiao whakatipu hei ārai i ngā pepeke, me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā patu pepeke. Hei whakamutunga, ko te huarahi e ahu mai ana i te koiora me te rauropi ehara i te mea ka whakanui ake i ngā hua me te whai huatanga engari ka pupuri hoki i te hauora o te pūnaha ahuwhenua me te pumau o te whakaputa kai.
