Te koiora iti o ngā mate tipu
Ko te koiora iti o ngā mate tipu he peka pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā moroiti e puta ai te mate i roto i ngā tipu, me pēhea rātou e pangia ai, e whakaputa uri ai, e taunekeneke ai ki ngā tipu me te taiao. I roto i te ahuwhenua, he mea whakawhāiti ngā mate tipu i te whakaputanga, e whakaiti ana i te kounga me te nui o ngā kotinga. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki te koiora iti o ngā mate tipu hei whakawhanake i ngā rautaki ārai, tātaritanga, me te whakahaere whai hua me te pumau.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o ngā Mate Tipu
Ka puta te mate tipu ina he raruraru ā-tinana tonu e puta ai ngā tohu motuhake, pērā i te memenge, ngā ira rau, te pirau pakiaka, te kore rānei e tupu pai. Ko te tikanga, ko ngā mate pāwera ka puta mai i ngā pathogens, arā, ngā rauropi ka taea te whakaputa mate. Ko ngā pathogens tipu ka uru atu ki ngā harore, ngā huakita, ngā huaketo, ngā viroids, ngā phytoplasmas, ngā nematodes, tae atu ki ngā rauropi rite ki te harore pērā i te oomycetes. I taua wā, ko ngā mate kore-pāwera ka puta mai i ngā āhuatanga abiotic, pērā i te korenga o ngā matūkai, te paihana pesticides, te tote nui, te ahotea tauraki rānei.
I roto i te rangahau i te moroiti, ko te arotahi matua ko ngā tukumate moroiti—te āhua o tā rātou noho, te horapa, ngā tikanga o te tukumate, me ngā urupare ārai a ngā tipu.
Ngā Rōpū Mate Tukutuku Matua i roto i ngā Mate Tipu
1. Harore (Harore)
Ko ngā harore te tino take o ngā mate tipu. Ka whakaputa uri rātou mā roto i ngā pua e horapa ngāwari ana e te hau, te tauhiuhi wai, ngā taputapu ahuwhenua rānei. Ka taea e ngā harore te whakaeke i ngā rau, ngā kakau, ngā pakiaka, ngā hua, tae atu ki ngā purapura. Ko ngā tauira o ngā mate harore noa ko te paura harore, te waikura, me te anthracnose.
Ko te tikanga, ka pangia ngā tipu e ngā harore mate mā roto i ngā patunga, i ngā stomata rānei. Kia uru ki roto, ka hangaia e ngā harore he hyphae ka horapa puta noa i te kiko o te tipu, ka mimiti i ngā matūkai. Ko ētahi harore he biotrophic (e hiahia ana ki te kiko ora), ko ētahi he necrotrophic (ka patua te kiko i te tuatahi, kātahi ka kai). Ka pāngia ngā tohumate me ngā tikanga whakahaere e ēnei rerekētanga rautaki.
2. Huakita
Ko ngā huakita mate tipu ka puta ake ngā tohu pēnei i ngā ira wai, te pirau ngohengohe, te ngenge, me ngā mate pukupuku o te kakau. Ko ngā tauira nui ko Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, me Erwinia (kua whānuitia te whakarōpūtanga ki ētahi atu momo, engari kei te mōhiotia whānuitia tonutia i roto i ngā tuhinga ahuwhenua).
Ka uru ngā huakita mā roto i ngā patunga, i ngā stomata, i ngā hydathode rānei, ka whakanuia i roto i ngā wāhi i waenganui i ngā pūtau. He maha ngā huakita e whakaputa ana i ngā whākōkī pectinase me te cellulase e wawahi ana i ngā pakitara pūtau tipu, ka whakangawari, ka pirau hoki te kiko. He maha ngā wā ka āwhinahia te horapa o ngā huakita e te wai ua, te whakamakuku, ngā pepeke, me ngā taputapu ahuwhenua poke.
3. Ngā Huaketo me ngā Viroid
He huaketo tipu ngā huaketo iti-mōkito e taea anake te whakaputa uri i roto i ngā pūtau ora. Ko te tikanga ka puta i ngā huaketo ngā tohu mosaic (te kōwhai-kakariki), te piko o ngā rau, te pōturi o te tipu, me te tino heke o te hua. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka tukuna ngā huaketo mā roto i ngā pepeke kawe pērā i ngā aphids, ngā pepeke rau, ngā thrips, ngā mite rānei. Ka taea hoki te tuku i ngā huaketo mā roto i te whakatipu tipu (ngā tapahi, ngā kōpura), ngā purapura, me ngā taputapu whakato.
He rite ngā viroid ki ngā huaketo engari he māmā ake—he iti noa ngā RNA kāore he paninga pūmua. Ahakoa te māmā, ka taea e ngā viroid te whakaputa mate kino, pērā i ngā tipu rīwai me te tōmato.
4. Phytoplasma
Ko ngā phytoplasmas he huakita motuhake kāore he pakitara pūtau e noho ana i roto i ngā oko phloem o ngā tipu. Ko ngā tohu he maha ngā wā ko te kōwhai, te kore e tipu, te nui rawa o te manga (te puruma a te makutu), me te hanganga putiputi rerekē. Ka tukuna ngā phytoplasmas e ngā pepeke ngote phloem pērā i ngā pepeke tipu me ngā pepeke rau. Nā te mea he uaua ki te whakatipu i roto i te taiwhanga, he maha ngā wā ka whakawhirinaki te tātaritanga o ngā phytoplasmas ki ngā tikanga ngota.
5. Ngā Oomycetes (Ngā Mea Ora rite ki te Harore)
He maha ngā wā ka pohehetia ngā Oomycetes pērā i te Phytophthora me te Pythium he harore, engari he whanaunga tata atu ki ngā karengo. E mōhiotia ana ka puta te pirau pakiaka, te memeha, me te pirau rau i a rātou. Ka puta he pua kaukau (zoospores) i ngā Oomycetes, ā, ka tino horapa i roto i ngā āhuatanga haukū me te koretake. Ko te pirau rīwai i puta mai i te Phytophthora infestans tētahi tauira rongonui, nā te mea i puta te matekai nui o Airana i te rautau 19.
Te Tukanga Pango me te Haerenga o te Mate
Ka taea te whakamārama i te putanga mai o ngā mate tipu mā te whakamahi i te ariā o te "tapatoru mate," e toru ngā huānga: he kaihautū (he tipu ngāwari), he mate huaketo, me te taiao tautoko. Mēnā ka ngaro tētahi o ēnei huānga, e kore te mate e whanake ki tōna pūmanawa katoa.
Ko ngā wāhanga o te mate ko:
1. Te werohanga: ka tae te mate ki te mata o te tipu.
2. Te urunga: ka uru ngā huaketo mā roto i ngā stomata, ngā patunga, ka uru tika rānei ki te kiri o waho.
3. Mate urutā: ka tau ngā huakita, ka tīmata te tipu ki roto i te kiko.
4. Te noho koroni: te horapa whānui o te mate, ka puta ngā tohu.
5. Te whakaputa uri me te horapa: ka hangaia e ngā pathogens ngā hanganga whakaputa uri (ngā pua, ngā pūtau kitakita, ngā matūriki huaketo) hei pangia ētahi atu tipu.
I te taumata moroiti, ka whakamahia e ngā mate pukupuku he momo "patu" pērā i ngā whākōkī e whakaiti ana i te pakitara pūtau, ngā paitini, me ngā pūmua whai hua e whakaiti ana i ngā parepare tipu. Kei ngā tipu anō ngā pūnaha parepare ā-roto, pērā i te whakapakari i te pakitara pūtau, te whakaputa i ngā matū patu huakita (phytolaxins), me te urupare tairongo nui e patu ana i ngā pūtau e tata ana ki te wāhi o te mate hei aukati i te horapa o ngā mate pukupuku.
Te Tātaritanga o ngā Mate Tipu mā te Pūtaiao Matūriki
Ehara i te mea ko te tirotiro noa i ngā tohu te take o ngā mate tipu, nā te mea ka taea te whakaputa i ngā tohu ōrite e ngā momo pathogens, e ngā āhuatanga abiotic rerekē rānei. Mā te koiora moroiti ka taea te whakatau i te pūtake o te mate, tae atu ki:
– Te wehe me te whakatipu i ngā mate urutā (te nuinga he harore me he huakita) ki runga i tētahi pāpāho motuhake.
– Mā te tirotiro mōkito hei kite i ngā pua, ngā hīpā, ngā hanganga noa rānei.
– Whakamātautau i te mate pāwera (Ngā Whakamātautau a Koch): ka wehea te mate pāwera, ka werohia anō ki roto i ngā tipu hauora, kātahi ka whakaūtia kei te puta mai ngā tohu ōrite.
– Ngā tikanga whakamātautau serological pēnei i te ELISA, inā koa mō ngā huaketo.
– Ngā tikanga ngota ngota pēnei i te PCR me te raupapatanga DNA/RNA hei kimi tere me te motuhake, tae atu ki ngā phytoplasm me ngā pathogens uaua ki te whakatipu.
Mā te tautuhi tika i ngā mate, ka tika ake ngā mahi whakahaere, ā, ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga koretake o ngā patupatu.
Ngā Rautaki Whakahaere e Hangai ana ki te Maikoroiora
Ko te huarahi pai mō te whakahaere i ngā mate tipu ko te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi whakahaere mate whakauru. Ko ētahi rautaki matua ko:
1. Te whakamahi i ngā momo ātete: te whakamahi i ngā ira ātete tipu hei pehi i ngā mate pāwera.
2. Te whakahaere taiao: te whakahaere i te tawhiti whakatō, te waikeri, te rere o te hau, me ngā wā whakamakuku hei whakaiti i te haumākū e pai ana ki ngā pathogens.
3. Te horoi me te karantini: tangohia ngā wāhanga tipu mate, horoia ngā taputapu, ā, āraia te urunga mai o ngā tipu pangia.
4. Te whakahaere koiora: te whakamahi i ngā moroiti hoariri pērā i a Trichoderma (ka whawhai ki ngā harore mate), Bacillus (ka aukati i ngā huakita/harore), te mycorrhiza rānei, hei whakapai ake i te hauora o ngā pakiaka.
5. Te whakamahinga whakaaro nui o ngā patu pepeke: ka whai hua pea ngā patu harore me ngā patu huakita, engari me tika te horopeta, me te whai kiko, me te whai whakaaro hoki ki te mōrearea o te ātete ki ngā mate huaketo me ngā pānga ki te taiao.
6. Te whakahaere i ngā kawe pepeke: he mea nui mō ngā mate huaketo me ngā mate phytoplasma e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kawe pepeke.
Mā ngā huarahi koiora hou e whakawhanake ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā patu paturopi koiora e hangai ana ki te moroiti, te whakaoho i te ātete tipu pūnaha, me te mahere i ngā ira o ngā mate hei matapae i te whanaketanga o te kaha whakamate.
Te Katinga
Mā te koiora moroiti mate tipu ka mārama hohonu ki ngā mate pāwera, ngā tikanga pangia, me ngā taunekeneke uaua i waenga i ngā tipu, ngā moroiti, me te taiao. He tūāpapa nui tēnei pūtaiao mō te ahuwhenua hou, e whakarite ana i te haumarutanga kai, e whakaiti ana i ngā mate hua, e whakatairanga ana i ngā mahi ahuwhenua e pai ana ki te taiao. Mā te tātaritanga tika me te whakahaere whakauru e ahu mai ana i te pūtaiao, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā mate tipu kia whai hua ake, kia pumau, kia ōhanga hoki.
