Te tautuhi i ngā pepeke tipu ahuwhenua
Ko te tautuhi i ngā pepeke ahuwhenua he taahiraa tuatahi nui ki te pupuri i te hua me te kounga o ngā hua. He maha ngā kaimahi pāmu e pāngia ana e ngā mate, ehara i te mea nā te kaha o ngā pepeke e pangia ana, engari nā te whakaroa hoki ki te mōhio ki te momo pepeke me ōna tohu. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga, ngā tikanga, me ngā huarahi e kino ai ngā hua o ia pepeke. Nō reira, mā te āheinga ki te tautuhi tika i ngā pepeke ka āwhina i te whakatau i ngā tikanga whakahaere tino whai hua, tino whai hua, me te pai ki te taiao. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga o ngā pepeke, ō rātou take, me pēhea te tautuhi i a rātou i runga i ngā tohu, me ētahi tauira o ngā pepeke nui i roto i ngā hua ahuwhenua.
Te Mārama ki ngā Pepeke me ō rātou Pānga ki te Ahuwhenua
Ko ngā pepeke he rauropi—ko te nuinga he pepeke, he mite, he nematode, he kararehe iti rānei—e kino ana ki ngā tipu, e whakaiti ana i te hua me te kounga. Ka taea e ngā pepeke te whakaeke i ngā hua mai i te wāhanga tipu, tae atu ki te tipu tipu, te puāwaitanga, tae noa ki mua i te kotinga. He rerekē ō rātou pānga, mai i ngā rau kua pū, ngā kakau whati, ngā tipu kua pōturi, te hinganga o te pua, te hua kua hē, tae noa ki te korenga o te hua.
Ko ngā ngaronga o ngā pepeke ehara i te mea ko te ngaronga o te hua anake engari ko te pikinga o ngā utu tiaki, te nui rawa o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke, me te mōrearea o ngā toenga matū i roto i ngā hua. Nō reira, ko te tautuhi he wāhanga nui o te ariā Whakahaere Pepeke Whakauru (IPM), he huarahi whakahaere e whakatairanga ana i te aukati me te mahi i runga i ngā tirohanga mara.
Ngā Take e Whakaoho Ana i te Putanga Mai o ngā Pepeke
Ehara i te mea kotahi te putanga mai o ngā pepeke ki ngā whenua ahuwhenua, engari he maha ngā āhuatanga e pāngia ana e ēnei. Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua ko te huringa āhuarangi, pērā i te pāmahana me te haumākū, e pai ai te whakaputa uri o ngā pepeke. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā tauira whakatipu kore rerekē (monoculture) ka tere ake te pikinga o te taupori pepeke nā te nui me te wātea tonu o te kai.
Ka taea hoki e te whakamahinga hē o ngā patu pepeke te whakaoho i ngā raruraru hou. Mā te rehu pinepine ki te matū hohe kotahi ka ara ake te ātete ki ngā pepeke, ka uaua ai te whakahaere i ngā pepeke. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā patu pepeke te patu i ngā hoariri tūturu pērā i ngā pirinoa me ngā kaipahua, ka piki ake ai te taupori o ngā pepeke.
Ko ngā āhuatanga whenua kāore i te pai te whakahaere, pērā i te nui o ngā taru, ngā toenga hua, te koretake o te akuaku o te māra, ka whakarato hoki i ngā wāhi whakaruruhau me ngā wāhi whakaputa uri mō ngā pepeke. Nō reira, me haere tahi te tautuhi i ngā pepeke me te māramatanga whānui ki te pūnaha rauropi ahuwhenua.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Tāutu i ngā Pepeke
E rua ngā huarahi matua hei tautuhi i ngā pepeke: te tirotiro tika i te rauropi take me te tirotiro i ngā tohu o te kino ki ngā tipu. I roto i te mahi, he tere ake te kite a ngā kaimahi pāmu i ngā tohu, kātahi ka rapu i te pūtake. Ko ngā mātāpono matua o te tautuhi ko:
1. Mātakihia te wāhanga o te tipu e pāngia ana: ahakoa he rau, he kakau, he pakiaka, he putiputi, he hua rānei.
2. Tāutuhia te momo kino: ngā ngau, ngā poka, ngā momi wai, ngā kaihoro, ngā kai whakangaro pakiaka rānei.
3. Tirohia te wā o te whakaekenga: ata, ahiahi, ahiahi, tētahi wāhanga rānei o te tipu o te tipu.
4. Tirohia mēnā kei te kitea ngā pepeke: i runga i te mata o ngā rau, i raro i ngā rau, i te pūtake o te kākano, i roto i te oneone, i roto rānei i te kiko tipu.
5. Tuhia te tauira tohatoha: horapa ōrite, i roto i ngā rōpū, i ētahi wāhi motuhake rānei.
Me tirotiro tonu, hei tauira, kia rua i te wiki, inā koa i te wā e taitamariki tonu ana ngā tipu, i te wā rānei e tautoko ana te rangi i te whanaketanga o ngā pepeke.
Te Tāutu i runga i ngā Tohu o te Kino
He tohu tōmua whai hua pea ngā tohu o te whakaekenga a ngā pepeke. Anei ētahi o ngā momo tohu matua:
1. He kōhao ngā rau, ā, kua pakaru ngā taha o ngā rau.
Ko te tikanga, ko ngā pepeke kai rau pēnei i te anuhe me te māwhitiwhiti te take o ēnei tohu. Ka taea te iti, te nui rānei o ngā kōhao i runga i te momo pepeke. Mēnā he koretake ngā kōhao, ā, he paru anuhe kei te taha o te tipu, ko ngā torongū (ngā anuhe) te tino take.
2. Ka huri ngā rau ki te kōwhai, ki te miro, ki te memenge rānei
He maha ngā wā ka puta mai ēnei tohu i ngā pepeke ngote wai pērā i te aphids, te mealybugs, te thrips rānei. Nā te ngote wai ka kore e whai matūkai te tipu, ka piro te āhua o ngā rau. I ētahi wā ka kitea he paninga piri (he honeydew), ka akiaki i te tipu o te harore pango.
3. He kakau, he hua rānei he pūrua
Ko ngā kōhao i roto i ngā kakau, i ngā hua rānei, he mea nā ngā pepeke whakarara. He maha ngā wā ka keri ēnei pepeke ki roto i te kiko tipu, ā, he uaua ki te kite. Ko ngā tohu pea ko te hae o te whakarara, ngā kōhao tomo, te memeha ohorere rānei o ngā wāhanga tipu.
4. Ka memenge ngā tipu ahakoa he nui te wai
Ki te āhua memeha te tipu ahakoa he nui te makuku o te oneone, tera pea he whakaekenga pakiaka. Ka taea e ngā pepeke oneone pēnei i te noke waea me te nematode te kino i ngā pakiaka, ka whakararu i te mimiti wai. Ko ētahi atu tohu ko te pirau pakiaka, te puta rānei o ngā puku i runga i ngā pakiaka (ina koa ko ngā nematode pona pakiaka).
5. Ngā ira me ngā pakaru ki ngā putiputi, ki ngā hua taitamariki rānei
He maha ngā wā ka kino ngā wāhanga whakaputa uri i ngā thrips me ngā namu hua. Ka puta he ira hiriwa me te hinganga o ngā pua i ngā thrips, ko ngā namu hua ia ka pirau ngā hua o roto, ā, he maha ngā wā ka kitea kua pangia e ngā kutukutu.
Ngā Tauira o ngā Pepeke Hira i roto i ngā Huawhenua Ahuwhenua
1. Noke (Spodoptera litura)
He pepeke maha-whakatipu ngā noke hoia e whakaeke ana i ngā hua whenua pērā i te pīni soya, te pepa tiri, te kānga, me ngā huawhenua. Ko ō rātou tohu ko ngā kōhao nui i roto i ngā rau, ko ngā uaua anake e toe ana. He kaha ngā anuhe i te pō, e huna ana i roto i te oneone, i raro rānei i ngā rau i te awatea. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā hua manu i roto i ngā tautau, ā, kua kapi i ngā huruhuru angiangi.
2. Ngā Aphid (Aphis spp.)
Ka whakaeke ngā aphids mā te ngote i te wai o ngā wana me ngā rau taitamariki. Ko ngā tohu o te whakaekenga ko ngā rau piko, te koretake o te tipu, me te putanga mai o te honi, e kukume ana i ngā pōpokorua. Ka mahi anō hoki ngā aphids hei kawe i ngā huaketo tipu, nō reira ka nui ake te kino o ō rātou pānga i te kino tinana.
3. Ngā Thrips (Thrips parvispinus me ētahi atu momo)
He iti ngā thrips, ā, he maha ngā wā ka huna rātou i roto i ngā putiputi, i ngā whāriki rau rānei. Ka puta he rau hiriwa, he ira, me te hinga o te putiputi i a rātou e pangia ana. I roto i ngā pepa tiri, ka taea e te pangia o ngā thrips te whakaiti i te kounga o ngā hua mā te hanga i ngā mata taratara, pūkepuke.
4. Ngā kaiwhao kakau (hei tauira i roto i te raihi me te kānga)
I roto i te raihi, ka puta pea ngā tohu pēnei i te "sundep" (ngā wana mate i te wā tipu) me te "beluk" (ngā rau mā i te wā whakaputa uri). I roto i te kānga, ka whakaekea e ngā rau ngā kakau me ngā puku, ka aukati i te whakakī o te witi. Ka kitea ngā kōhao me ngā torongū i roto i ngā kakau, i ngā pūtake rau rānei.
5. Ngā namu hua (Bactrocera spp.)
He raru nui ngā namu hua mō ngā hua me ngā huawhenua pērā i te māngo, te kuawa, te tōmato, me te tiri. Ka whānau ngā uwha i ngā hua i roto i te hua, ā, ka kai ngā torongū i te kikokiko. Ko ngā tohu ko ngā wero iti, te kōwhai wawe, te pirau, me te hinga wawe o te hua.
Ngā Utauta me ngā Tikanga hei Tautoko i te Tāutu i te Marae
Hei whakapai ake i te tika o te tautuhi, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakamahi i ngā taputapu māmā pēnei i te karāhe whakanui hei tiro i ngā pepeke iti, ngā mahanga kōwhai hei aroturuki i ngā pepeke rere, me ngā mahanga pheromone mō ngā pepeke motuhake pēnei i ngā pūrerehua anuhe. He āwhina anō hoki ngā pukapuka ārahi whakaahua, ngā taupānga tautuhi rānei, inā koa mēnā kei roto ngā whakaahua o ngā tohu me te āhua o te pepeke i ia wāhanga o te ora (hua manu, torongū/ngārara, pupa, pakeke).
Hei tāpiritanga, he mea nui kia tuhia ngā kitenga: te rā, te tau o te tipu, te momo tohu, te maha o ngā pepeke i kitea, me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. He mea whai hua ēnei raraunga mō te matapae i ngā tauira whakaeke i te wā e whai ake nei.
Te Katinga
He pūkenga matua te tautuhi i ngā pepeke ahuwhenua i roto i te ahuwhenua o ēnei rā, e aro ana ki te whai huatanga me te pumau. Mā te mōhio tika ki ngā momo pepeke me ō rātou tohu, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakatau i ngā mahi whakahaere tika, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga nui o ngā patu pepeke, me te pupuri i tētahi pūnaha rauropi whenua taurite. Mā te tirotiro auau, te mārama ki ngā momo kino, me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu māmā ka āwhina i te tukanga tautuhi kia tika ake. Hei whakamutunga, mā te tautuhi angitu i ngā pepeke e kore e tiaki noa i ngā hua engari ka tautoko hoki i te haumarutanga kai me te oranga o ngā kaimahi pāmu.
