Te Rongoā me te Whakahaere Taru
Ko te otaota he peka o te pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā taru—mai i tō rātou tuakiri, koiora, rauropi, tae atu ki ngā rautaki whakahaere. I roto i te horopaki o te ahuwhenua me te whakahaere whenua, he tūāpapa nui te otaota nā te mea he maha ngā wā he mea whakawhāiti te taru i te hua. Ka whakataetae ngā taru ki ngā tipu kua whakatipuria mō te māramatanga, te wai, ngā matūkai, me te wāhi tipu. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki e ngā taru te manaaki i ngā pepeke me ngā mate, ka uaua ai te tukanga hauhake, ka whakaiti i te kounga o te hua, ka piki ake hoki ngā utu whakaputa. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te "whakakore" noa iho te whakahaere taru; me ahu mai i te māramatanga pūtaiao kia whai hua ai, kia whai hua ai, kia mau tonu ai.
Te Ariā o ngā Taru me ō rātou Pānga
He kupu ngāwari noa iho, ko te taru he tipu e tupu ana i te wāhi kāore e hiahiatia ana. E whakanui ana tēnei whakamāramatanga i te āhuatanga "horopaki": ko te tipu e whai hua ana i tētahi wāhi ka huri hei taru i tētahi atu wāhi. Hei tauira, he pai pea tētahi tarutaru hei whāngai kai i te pāmu, engari ka huri hei taru i te māra raihi, i te māra kānga rānei nā te mea ka whakararuraru i te tipu o te hua matua.
He maha ngā tikanga e pā ai te taru ki ngā tipu kua whakatōkia. Tuatahi, ko te whakataetae tika, inā koa i ngā wāhanga tōmua o te tipu o te tipu i te wā kāore anō kia whanake ngā pakiaka me ngā karauna o ngā tipu kua whakatōkia. Tuarua, ko te allelopathy, arā, ko te tukunga o ngā matū matū e ngā taru e aukati ana i te whakatipu, i te tipu rānei o ētahi atu tipu. Tuatoru, ka taea e ngā taru te whakarato piringa mō ngā pepeke, ngā mite, ngā pathogens rānei, ka whakawhiti atu ki ngā tipu kua whakatōkia. Kāore i te tino nui ngā mate o ngā taru i ngā wā katoa, engari ka piki haere, ka nui hoki, inā koa mēnā ka tukuna ngā taru kia whakaputa purapura, kia whakarei ake hoki i te putea purapura o te oneone.
Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Taru i roto i te Herbology
I roto i te mātauranga otaota, ka whakarōpūtia ngā taru hei āwhina i te tautuhi me te whakatau i ngā rautaki whakahaere tika. Ko ngā whakarōpūtanga noa ko:
1. I runga i te āhua o te tinana
– Tarutaru (Poaceae): rau whaiti, uaua rau whakarara, kakau tuwhera, kakau wehea rānei.
– Teki (Cyperaceae): he rite ki te tarutaru, engari he tapatoru, he kikī hoki ngā kakau.
– Rau Whānui: he whānui ngā rau, he uaua pine, he uaua nikau rānei.
2. I runga i te huringa ora
– Ā-tau: ka oti i te kotahi wā, ka whakaputa uri mā te purapura.
– Ngā wā takirua: e rua ngā wā e hiahiatia ana hei whakaoti i te huringa ora.
– He tipu ā-tau: e ora ana mō te neke atu i te rua tau, he maha ngā wā ka whakaputa uri mā roto i ngā whekau tipu pērā i te rhizomes, te stolons, te kōpura rānei.
3. I runga i te nohoanga
He rerekē ngā taru whenua maroke i ngā taru repo (hei tauira, ngā mara raihi), nā te mea he pānga tō te wai, te hau o te oneone, me ngā pūnaha whakatipu ki ngā momo taru matua.
He mea nui te mārama ki tēnei whakarōpūtanga nā te mea ko ngā rautaki whakahaere taru ā-tau e aro nui ana ki te aukati i te hanganga o ngā purapura, engari ko ngā taru ā-tau e hiahia ana ki ngā huarahi hei whakaiti i ō rātou whekau tipu.
Te Taiao o te Taru: He aha i "Pakeke" ai ngā Taru?
E mōhiotia ana ngā taru he tipu ngāwari, he tipu pukuriri hoki. He tere te tipu o te nuinga o ngā taru, he nui te whakaputa purapura, ā, he roa te moe o te purapura, e āhei ai te pupuri i te putea purapura mō ngā tau. He whai hua anō hoki ngā tikanga marara o ētahi taru mā te hau, te wai, ngā kararehe, ngā mahi a te tangata rānei (hei tauira, ngā taputapu ahuwhenua e kawe ana i ngā purapura taru ki waenga i ngā mara).
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka pāngia hoki te whanaketanga o ngā taru e ngā panonitanga o ngā pūnaha whakatipu. Ka taea e ngā mahi whakatipu kotahi te whakatenatena i te mana o ētahi taru e tika ana mō te tauira parau, te wā whakato, me te tikanga whakamomona. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi ai te mahi otaota: te ako i ngā tauira putanga mai o te taru me te matapae i ngā wā tino nui kia taea ai te whakatinana i ngā mahi whakahaere i te wā tino tika.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Whakahaere Taru
Ko te whāinga o te whakahaere taru he pehi i ngā taupori taru kei raro i te paepae kino, kaua ki te whakakore noa i a rātou. Ko ngā huarahi hou e aro nui ana ki te Whakahaere Taru Whakauru (IWM), he huinga o ngā tikanga whakahaere tautoko hei pehi i ngā taru kia mau tonu, hei whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā patu taru, me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te ātete.
Anei ētahi o ngā tikanga matua mō te whakahaere taru kino:
1. Te Whakahaere Ārai
Mā ngā mahi ārai-ārai ka ārai i te urunga mai o ngā taru, te horapa rānei. Hei tauira, ko te whakamahi i ngā purapura kua whai tiwhikete, kāore he taru, te horoi i ngā taputapu me ngā mīhini ahuwhenua i mua i te neke i ngā mara, me te whakahaere i ngā awaawa whakamakuku kia kore ai e noho hei wāhi urunga mō ngā taru. He maha ngā wā ka āhua māmā noa iho ngā mahi ārai-ārai, engari he pānga nui tō rātou nā te mea ka ārai i te putanga mai o ngā taru hou, he uaua ki te whakahaere.
2. Te Whakahaere Ahurea Hangarau (Te Whakatipu)
Ka taea e ngā tikanga whakatipu te pehi i ngā taru mā te whakarei ake i te whakataetae o ngā tipu kua whakatipuria. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga:
– Whakatikatikahia te tawhiti whakatō kia tere te taupokina o te whenua e te tuanui, kia iti ai te mārama mō ngā taru.
– Te hurihanga hua hei wāwāhi i te huringa ora o ētahi taru.
– He paraihe (mea rauropi, mea kirihou rānei) hei aukati i te tupu o te taru.
– Te whakamomona tika kia tere ai te tupu o ngā tipu matua, kia kore ai hoki e "ngaro te tīmatanga" i ngā taru kino.
– Ngā hua taupokina e pehi ana i ngā taru mā te whakataetae, me ētahi pānga alelopati.
3. Mana Whakahaere Mīhini
Ko te whakahaere ā-ringa ko te tango i ngā taru ā-ringa, te whakawātea, te whakamahi rānei i ngā taputapu pēnei i te karaone me te ngaki. He whai hua tēnei tikanga mō ngā taru taitamariki me te iti o te matotoru. Ko te ngoikoretanga he mahi, he moni, he wā hoki e hiahiatia ana. I runga i te tauine nui, me whakakotahi te whakahaere ā-ringa me ētahi atu tikanga kia whai hua ai.
4. Te Whakahaere Koiora
Ko te whakahaere koiora e whakamahi ana i ngā hoariri tūturu o ngā taru, pērā i ngā pepeke, ngā mate urutā, ngā kararehe kai taru rānei. He tino whai tikanga tēnei tikanga mō ētahi taru whakaeke, mō ngā pūnaha rauropi rānei e āhei ai te tukunga whakahaere o ngā matū koiora. Heoi, me aroturuki pakari te whakahaere koiora kia kore ai ngā matū e tukuna e kino ki ngā tipu kāore i te whainga, ki te pūnaha rauropi rānei.
5. Whakahaere Matū (Patu otaota)
He taputapu nui ngā patu taru i roto i te whakahaere taru, inā koa i roto i te ahuwhenua nui. I roto i te rongoā otaota, me whai whakaaro te whakamahinga o ngā patu taru ki:
– Te wā tono: i mua i te putanga mai, i muri rānei i te putanga mai.
– Te whānuitanga o ngā taru: he mea whiriwhiri (ko ētahi taru anake) he mea kore rānei e whiriwhiri.
– Te tikanga mahi: he mea nui hei ārai i te ātete.
– Ngā tikanga inenga me te whakamahinga: mō te whai huatanga me te haumaru taiao.
Ko tētahi raruraru nui e piki haere ana i roto i te maha o ngā rohe ko te ātete o te taru ki ngā patu taru, arā, te kaha o te taru ki te ora i te pānga maha ki te matū hohe kotahi. Ka puta te ātete ina whakawhirinaki rawa ngā mahi whakahaere ki te patu taru kotahi, ki te momo mahi rānei. Nō reira, he mea nui te huri i ngā matū hohe, te whakamahi i ngā ranunga patu taru e tika ana, me te whakauru atu ki ngā tikanga kore-matū.
Rautaki Whakahaere Taru Whakauru
Ko te Whakahaere Taru Whakauru e aro nui ana ki te whakamahere i runga i te huringa ora o te taru me ngā wā whakataetae nui. Hei tauira, i roto i te maha o ngā hua kai, ko te wā 2–6 wiki i muri i te whakato te wā tino pāngia e te whakataetae taru. Ko te tango taru, te whakamahi patu taru rānei i tēnei wā te nuinga o te wā e puta ai ngā hua tino nui. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā mahi ārai e aro ana ki te aukati i te pua me te whakaputa purapura o te taru. He tino whai hua te mātāpono o te "kore purapura" (te aukati i te hanganga purapura) ki te whakaiti i te peeke purapura i ia tau, i ia tau.
Ka akiaki hoki te IWM i te aroturukitanga o ngā taru i ia wā, te tuhi i ngā momo taru matua, me te aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā wawaotanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga o te mara, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere whenua te whiriwhiri i te huinga tikanga tino ōhanga me te pai ki te taiao.
Te Katinga
Mā te Herbology ka whakaratohia he anga pūtaiao hei mārama ki ngā taru, ehara i te mea he "whakararuraru" noa iho, engari he wāhanga rauropi e aro ana ki ngā huringa o te whakatipu me te taiao. Mā te mārama ki te whakarōpūtanga taru, te rauropi, me ngā āhuatanga, ka taea te whakahaere tika me te whai hua i te whakahaere taru. Ko te Whakahaere Taru Whakauru te huarahi tino whaitake ki te whakaiti i ngā mate, te aukati i te ātete ki ngā patu taru, me te pupuri i te whakaputanga pumau. Hei whakamutunga, ko te angitu o te whakahaere taru e whakatauhia ana ehara i te mea ko te whiriwhiri tikanga anake engari ko te wā tika, te rite o te whakatinanatanga, me te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga o te mara.
