Te Paitini o ngā Patupatu Ahuwhenua
He wāhanga nui ngā patu pepeke i roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua o ēnei rā, nā te mea ka āwhina i te pehi i ngā taupori pepeke, ngā mate tipu, me ngā taru ka whakaiti i ngā hua o te hua. Heoi, ahakoa ō rātou painga, he tūponotanga anō hoki ngā patu pepeke ki te hauora o te tangata, o te kararehe, me te taiao. Ko te pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā pānga paitini o ēnei matū ka kiia ko te paitini o ngā patu pepeke . Mā te huarahi paitini, ka taea e tātou te mārama ki te urunga o ngā patu pepeke ki te tinana, te urupare a te tinana, te nui o te tūponotanga, me te whakahaere i ēnei tūponotanga kia pai ai te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke me te whai kawenga.
Te mārama ki te paitini o ngā patu pepeke
Ko te paitini patu pepeke he peka o te paitini e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga paitini o ngā patu pepeke, ō rātou tikanga paitini, ngā whanaungatanga horopeta-tauhohenga, me ō rātou pānga ki ngā rauropi ūnga me ngā rauropi kāore i te ūnga. I roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua, ko te paitini patu pepeke te pūtake mō te whakatū ture whakamahinga, ngā herenga toenga i roto i te kai, ngā paerewa haumaru mahi, me ngā rautaki ārai parahanga taiao.
Ko tētahi ariā matua i roto i te paitini ko "te horopeta e hanga ana i te paitini." Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka taea e te matū te noho haumaru i ngā wā iti o te pānga engari he morearea i ngā wā teitei ake, ka morearea rānei mēnā ka pāngia tonutia mō te wā roa. Nō reira, ka aromatawaihia e te paitini ehara i te mea ko te "paitini" anake te patupatu, engari ko te wā, te pēhea, me te aha ngā taumata o te pānga ka nui ake te mōrearea.
Ngā ara pānga ki ngā patu pepeke i roto i te tangata
I roto i te horopaki ahuwhenua, he maha ngā huarahi matua e pāngia ai te tangata e ngā patupatu:
1. Te pānga ki te kiri (kiri)
Koinei te ara tino kitea o te pānga ki ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua. Ka pā pea ngā patupatu ki te kiri i te wā e whakaranu ana, e rehu ana, e horoi ana i ngā taputapu, e pā ana rānei ki ngā hua me ngā toenga matū.
2. Te pānga mā te manawa (te manawa)
Ka taea te manawa i ngā kohu, i ngā haurehu, i ngā matūriki rehu rānei, ina koa mēnā ka mahia te rehu me te kore he taputapu tiaki, i roto rānei i ngā āhuatanga hau kaha.
3. Te whakawāteatanga mā te waha (ā-waha)
Ka puta pea tēnei i te poke o te kai me te inu, te tikanga o te momi hikareti, te kai rānei me te kore e horoi ringa i muri i te mahi, te rokiroki haumaru rānei o ngā patu pepeke.
4. Te whakaaturanga mā roto i ngā kanohi (kanohi)
Ka taea e ngā tauhiuhi o ngā otinga patupatu te whakararuraru, tae atu ki te kino ki ngā kiko o te kanohi, inā koa ki ngā patupatu he waikura, he wairewa kaha rānei.
Ka pāngia te taumata o te mōrearea o te pānga e te kukū o ngā patupatu pepeke, te roa o te pānga, te auau o te whakamahinga, me te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro (PPE).
Te mutunga iho o ngā patu pepeke ki te tinana: ADME
I roto i te pūtaiao paitini, ko te haerenga o ngā matū ki roto i te tinana e whakamāramahia ana e te ariā o ADME: Te Ngongo, Te Tohatoha, Te Pūnaha Whakapūngao, me te Tukunga.
– Te mimiti: Te tere o te urunga o te patu pepeke ki te tinana, hei tauira mā te kiri, mā te pukahukahu rānei. Ko ngā patu pepeke wairewa-ngako he māmā ake te uru ki ngā kiriuhi koiora.
– Te tohatoha: I muri i te urunga, ka taea e ngā patupatu te kawe e te toto ki ētahi okana pēnei i te ate, ngā whatukuhu, te roro, me te kiko ngako.
– Te Pūnaha Whakaora: He mahi nui tā te ate ki te wawahi i ngā patupatu kia ngāwari ake te whakaputa. Heoi, i ētahi wā, ka nui ake ngā matū paitini ka puta mai i te pūnaha whakaora.
– Te Whakaputa: Te whakaputanga mā te mimi, te paru, te werawera, te manawa rānei. Ko te tere o te whakaputanga e whakatau ana mēnā ka kohia (ka kohia koiora) he matū, ka ngaro tere rānei.
He mea nui tēnei ariā nā te mea ka whakatau i te momo pānga hauora ka pā mai—te pānga ohorere, te pānga roa, te pānga mau tonu rānei.
Ngā momo pānga paitini: te pānga koi me te pānga mau tonu
Ka puta te paitini whakapeka i roto i te wā poto i muri i te nui o te pānga. Ko ngā tohu ka uru ki te whakapairuaki, te ruaki, te whanoke, te poto o te manawa, te mumura o te kiri, te haurangi, tae noa ki te mate. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka puta te paitini whakapeka nā te hē o te horopeta, te kore whakamahi pai i ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro (PPE), te rehu rānei i roto i ngā wāhi kuiti.
Ka puta te paitini mau tonu mai i te whakamahinga roa, ahakoa he iti noa te horopeta. Ka uaua ake te kite i ōna pānga nā te mea ka puhoi te puta o ngā tohu, tae atu ki ngā mate pūnaha io, te whakararuraru homoni (endocrine), ngā raruraru whakaputa uri, ngā mate ate me te whatukuhu, te ngoikore o te mahi ārai mate, tae atu ki te pikinga o te mōrearea mate pukupuku me ētahi patupatu.
Te tikanga o te mahi paitini o ētahi rōpū patu pepeke
He rerekē ngā tikanga paitini o ngā patu pepeke rerekē, i runga i te momo matū o aua patu pepeke:
1. Ngā Organophosphates me ngā carbamates
E mōhiotia ana tēnei rōpū hei aukati i te whākōkī acetylcholinesterase. Nō reira, ka kohia te acetylcholine, ka whakararuraru i te pūnaha io. Ko ngā tohu ka uru atu ki te nui o te huware, te werawera, te miosis (ngā kamo kua piri), te wiri, te uaua o te manawa, tae noa ki te koma.
2. Ngā piretiro
Ko te tikanga ka whakararuraru i ngā awa konutai i roto i ngā pūtau io, ka puta ai ngā tohu o te ngau, te riri o te kiri, te whanoke, ā, i te nui o te whakamahinga ka pā ki te pūnaha io matua.
3. Ētahi patu taru (hei tauira, te paraquat i ētahi whenua)
E mōhiotia ana he tino paitini ina horomia, ā, ka pā kino ki ngā pukahukahu. Nā te mea he mōrearea, kua rāhuitia, kua tino herea rānei ētahi o ngā matū hohe i ngā rohe rerekē.
4. Te hauota waro (hei tauira, te DDT, he maha kua aukatia)
He mea pumau, ka taea te kohikohi i roto i te mekameka kai, ā, ka taea pea te whakararu i te hauora mō te wā roa.
He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei tikanga mō te tautuhi i te paitini me te whakahaere hauora, tae atu ki te whakamahinga o ngā rongoā ārai mate i ētahi wā.
Aromatawai mōrearea me te mōrearea: LD50, ADI, me te MRL
I roto i te paitini o ngā pesticides, he maha ngā tawhā e whakamahia pinepinetia ana:
– LD50 (Horopeta Whakamate 50%) : Ko te horopeta e mate ai te 50% o ngā kararehe whakamātautau. E whakaahua ana tēnei i te paitini tere, engari kāore i te whakaata i te mōrearea tuturu i te parae.
– ADI (Te Kai e Manakohia ana i ia Rā): Ko te nui o te patupatu ka taea te kai i ia rā puta noa i te oranga me te kore e nui ngā mōrearea ki te hauora.
– MRL (Tepe Toenga Mōrahi): Ko te taumata mōrahi o ngā toenga patu pepeke e whakaaetia ana i roto i ngā taonga kai. Ka whakatūhia ngā MRL i runga i ngā tikanga ahuwhenua pai me ngā tātaitanga haumaru.
He mea nui kia whakanuia he rerekē te "mōrearea" me te "mōrearea". He tino mōrearea ngā patu pepeke, engari he iti te mōrearea mēnā ka tika te whakahaere i te pānga. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā patu pepeke he mōrearea ngawari ka tino mōrearea mēnā ka whakamahia pōrearea.
Ngā pānga taiao me ngā rauropi kāore i te whaingahia
Haunga te tangata, ka pā pea ngā patupatu ki ngā rauropi kāore i te whāngaihia pērā i ngā pī, ngā ika, ngā manu, me ngā moroiti oneone. Ka taea te kawe i ngā toenga patupatu mā te wai rere o te mata ki roto i ngā awa, te mimiti rānei ki roto i te wai whenua . I roto i te taiao, ka pirau wawe ētahi patupatu, ko ētahi ia ka mau tonu, ka puta ai ngā raruraru roa pērā i te whakaiti i te kanorau koiora, te whakararuraru rānei i te pūnaha rauropi.
Ko tētahi atu raruraru ko te ātete ki ngā pepeke, ka puta ina whakamahia tonutia ngā pepeke hei ārai i ngā pepeke. Ka akiakihia tēnei ki te whakanui ake i ngā horopeta, ki te whakamahi rānei i ngā matū kaha ake, ā, ka piki ake te nui o ngā paitini ki te taiao.
Ngā rautaki whakaiti mōrearea me te ārai i te paitini
Me whakahaere ngā mahi whakahaere mōrearea patu pepeke mai i te awa ki raro:
1. Ngā mātāpono mō te whakamahinga haumaru
Pānuihia te tapanga, whai i te horopeta kua tohua, kia tupato ki te wā hauhake (wā i mua i te hauhake), ā, kaua e whakaranu noa i ngā patupatu.
2. Ngā PPE me te akuaku mahi
He karapu, he kopare/he taputapu manawa e tika ana mō te momo rehu, he karu tiaki, he kākahu ringaringa roa, me te kaukau me te whakawhiti kākahu i muri i te mahi. Me horoi motuhake ngā kākahu mahi.
3. Te rokiroki me te whakakorenga
Me rongoa ngā patupatu ki tētahi wāhi kua raka kia tawhiti atu i te kai, kia tawhiti atu hoki i ngā tamariki. Kaua ngā ipu kua whakamahia e whakamahia anō, ā, me maka atu kia rite ki ngā ture.
4. Te whakangungu me te tirotiro
Me whakangungu ngā kaimahi pāmu me ngā kaimahi ki ngā tikanga whakaranu, te ahunga o te hau i te wā e rehu ana, me te āwhina tuatahi mēnā ka pāngia.
5. Mana Whakahaere Te Whakahaere Pest Whakauru (PHT/IPM)
Whakatairangahia ngā tikanga whakatipu, ngā momo ātete, ngā hoariri tūturu, te hurihanga hua, me te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke hei huarahi whakamutunga. Ka whakaitihia e te IPM te whakawhirinaki ki ngā matū me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te paitini.
Whakamutunga
Mā te paitini patu pepeke ahuwhenua ka whakaratohia he anga pūtaiao hei mārama ki ngā pānga o ngā patu pepeke ki te hauora me te taiao. Ko ngā ara rerekē o te pānga, ngā tikanga paitini rerekē puta noa i ngā momo patu pepeke, me te kaha o ngā pānga ohorere me ngā pānga mau tonu ka waiho te whakamahinga haumaru hei kaupapa matua. Mā te whakatinana i ngā tikanga ahuwhenua pai, te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro (PPE), te whakahaere tika i ngā toenga, me te whakatinana i te Whakahaere Pest Whakauru (IPM), ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā painga o ngā patu pepeke me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea o te paitini me te parahanga. Hei whakamutunga, me haere tahi te ahuwhenua hua me te tiaki i te hauora tangata me te tiaki i te taiao.
