Ngā Tikanga mō te Waihanga Mahere Papa Moana
Ko ō tātou moana, e kapi ana i te 71% o te mata o te Ao, he mea nui mō ngā mahi taiao me ngā mahi ōhanga. Heoi, he wāhanga iti noa iho o te papa moana kua maherehia taipitopito. He mea nui te mahere papa moana mō te mārama ki ngā pūnaha rauropi moana, te haumaru whakatere, te tango rauemi, me ngā rangahau pūtaiao maha. Ko te tukanga e uru ana ki te ine me te tūtohi i te whenua o raro i te wai, ngā hanganga, me ngā āhuatanga. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga rerekē e whakamahia ana hei hanga mahere papa moana, me te whakaatu i ō rātou mātāpono, ngā tono, me ngā whanaketanga.
1. Te Oro Whakatangitangi
Ko te orooro echo, e mōhiotia ana ko te sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging), tētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te mahere i te papa moana. Ko tēnei tikanga ko te tuku i ngā paooro mai i tētahi kaipuke, i tētahi waka rānei i raro i te wai, me te ine i te wā e pau ana kia hoki mai ngā paooro i muri i te pekepeketanga mai i te papa moana. Mā te tatau i te wā haere o te paooro me te mōhio ki te tere o te oro i roto i te wai, ka taea te whakatau i te hohonutanga o te papa moana.
Pūoro Reo Hiko Kotahi (SBES)
Ko te momo orooro māmā rawa atu, ko te Single-Beam Echo Sounder (SBES), ka tukuna he pāorooro kotahi ki raro tonu i te kaipuke. Ahakoa he iti te utu, he ngāwari hoki te whakamahi, ka tukuna noa e te SBES ngā mōhiohio hohonu ki raro tonu i te kaipuke, ka hangaia he āhua kotahi-ahu iti o te papa moana.
Whakatangitangi Echo Maha-Kurupae (MBES)
Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau kua hua ake te whanaketanga o ngā Multi-Beam Echo Sounders (MBES), e tuku ana i ngā hihi oro maha i roto i te tauira āhua pā, e kapi ana i te whānuitanga o te papa moana. Mā te MBES ka taea te hanga mahere taipitopito me te whānui ake, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga taumira teitei me ngā whakaaturanga 3D tika o te whenua o raro i te wai.
2. Sonar Matawai-Taha
Ko te Sonar Matawai-Side tētahi atu tikanga sonar, engari he rerekē ki te tangi echo, ko tōna whāinga he hanga whakaahua taipitopito o te papa moana, kaua ko te ine noa i te hohonu. Ko tēnei tikanga he tōia, he whakairi rānei i tētahi taputapu sonar ki runga i tētahi kaipuke e tuku ana i ngā ngaru oro whakapae i te koki ki te papa moana. Ka hopukina ngā echo e hoki mai ana hei hanga whakaahua o te papa moana.
He tino whai hua te Side-Scan Sonar mō te tautuhi i ngā taonga, ngā āhuatanga whenua, me ngā rerekētanga o te kakano o te papa moana. He mea whakamahi noa i roto i te keri whenua i raro i te wai, te kimi maina, me te mahere nohoanga.
3. Te Kimi me te Whakawhānui i te Mārama (LiDAR)
He tikanga pūoko mamao a LiDAR e whakamahi ana i te mārama taiaho hei ine i ngā tawhiti. Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga mō te mahere i ngā wai pāpaku me te papa moana. Ko te Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry (ALB) he whakauru i ngā pūnaha taiaho ki runga waka rererangi. Ka uru ngā pāoro taiaho ki te mata o te wai, ka whakaata mai i te papa moana, ka hoki ki te kaiwhiwhi. Ko te wā e pau ana mō te hokinga mai o te pāoro ka hurihia hei ine hohonu.
He tino whai hua te LiDAR mō te mahere i ngā rohe takutai moana, ina raru pea ngā tikanga sonar tuku iho. Ka whakaratohia he raraunga taumira teitei, ā, he tino whai hua mō te aroturuki taiao, te hangarau takutai moana, me te aromatawai i ngā nohoanga moana.
4. Te Whakamātautau Aromatawai
Ko te ine teitei o te rangi he tikanga e whakamahi ana i ngā rangi hei ine i te teitei o te mata o te moana. Ahakoa kāore e ine tika i te papa o te moana, ka taea e ia te whakatau i te āhua o raro i te wai i runga i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te papa o te moana. Ka pāngia ngā rerekētanga o te teitei o te mata o te moana e ngā hanganga nui o raro i te wai pērā i ngā maunga moana, ngā pari, me ngā awaawa.
Ahakoa he iti ake te taumira o te ine teitei amiorangi ki ērā atu tikanga mahere tika, he nui ngā rohe e kapi ana i te huarahi, ā, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga whai hua mō ngā rohe moana hohonu e uaua ana te whakamahi i ētahi atu tikanga.
5. Ngā Waka Ruku Moana me ngā Waka Ruku Moana Motuhake (AUV)
Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā waka ruku wai whai tangata me ngā waka ruku wai motuhake (AUV) mō te mahere papa moana tino tika, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao hohonu, uaua rānei i raro i te wai. He pūnaha sonar matatau, he kāmera, he pūoko hoki ēnei waka, ā, ka taea e rātou te mahi i ngā hohonutanga rerekē hei kohikohi raraunga taipitopito.
Kua tino hurihia e ngā AUV te mahere o te papa moana mā te tuku i te ngāwari ake, te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te kaha ki te uru atu ki ngā wāhi uaua ki te tae atu. Kua whakaritea kia whai i ngā ara kua whakaritea i mua, kia hopu raraunga motuhake, ā, he tino whai hua mō te whakahaere rangahau pūtaiao, te tūhuratanga i raro i te wai, me te aromatawai rauemi.
6. Te Whakaata me te Whakaata o te Rū
Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga rū whenua ngā mātāpono o ngā ngaru oro hei mahere i te moenga moana, tae atu ki ngā hanganga whenua o raro. Ko te Whakaata Rū Whenua ko te whakaputa i ngā ngaru oro mā te whakamahi i ngā pū hau, i ētahi atu puna oro rānei. Ka uru ēnei ngaru ki te moenga moana, ka whakaata mai i ngā paparanga whenua rerekē. Ka kitea e ngā hydrophone, e ngā geophone rānei ngā haruru e hoki mai ana, ā, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te hanga i ngā kōtaha taipitopito o ngā hanganga o raro i te moenga moana.
Ko te Whakaata Ruānuku ia, e ine ana i te piko o ngā ngaru oro i a rātou e haere ana i roto i ngā paparanga rerekē o ngā onepū me ngā toka. Ka whakarato i ngā māramatanga ki te hanganga whenua me ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi o raro i te mata.
He mea nui ngā tikanga rū whenua mō te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau, mō te mārama ki ngā tukanga tektonika, me te aromatawai i ngā tūponotanga whenua.
7. Ngā Arotakenga o te Ine Ā-Mate me te Ine Ā-Umi
Ko te ine aukume me te ine taumaha he tikanga matawhenua e ine ana i ngā rerekētanga o ngā papa aukume me ngā papa taumaha o te Ao. Ka kitea e ngā ine aukume ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te papa aukume i puta mai i ngā rauemi ferromagnetic, e tohu ana i te aroaro o ētahi hanganga matawhenua, o ngā mea whakarewa rānei i runga i te papa moana.
Ka ine ngā mita taumaha i ngā rerekētanga iti o te papa taumaha o te Ao i puta mai i ngā huringa o te mātotoru o ngā rauemi o raro i te mata. Ka āwhina ēnei rerekētanga ki te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā kōpuku tote, ngā puna parataiao, me ētahi atu hanganga whenua.
He tino whai hua ēnei tikanga mō te tūhuratanga kohuke, mō ngā rangahau whaipara tangata, me te kimi i ngā tūponotanga kei raro i te wai.
Opaniraa
Ko ngā momo tikanga hanga mahere mo te takere moana, mai i ngā tikanga sonar tuku iho ki ngā waka motuhake matatau me te tirohanga mamao, e whakaatu ana i te uaua me te hiranga o te mārama ki ō tātou whenua o raro i te wai. Kei te whakapai tonu ngā whanaketanga hangarau i te tika, te whai huatanga, me te whānuitanga o ngā mahere mo te takere moana, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga tino nui mō te whakatere, te whakahaere rauemi, te tiaki taiao, me te kitenga pūtaiao. I a tātou e hōhonu haere ana ki roto i ngā mea ngaro o ō tātou moana, ka noho tonu ēnei tikanga mahere hei taputapu tino nui i roto i tā tātou rapunga ki te iriti i ngā mea ngaro o te takere moana.
